北洋时代的成就与混乱,都跟那个年代的政治家密切相关,因此与其赞美他们的私德,不如认真的辨析一下他们政治活动的成败得失,这恐怕更重要、更有说服力一些。北洋时代确实是一个容易被人误读的时代。对于历史的误读,大抵出于两个原因,一是出于种种原因而有意识地矮化与遮蔽。二是由于信息缺乏而造成的误解。而后者又往往是前者的结果。对于北洋历史的遮蔽,在南京国 The accomplishments and chaos in the Beiyang era were closely related to the politicians of that era. Therefore, it is more important and persuasive to weigh the successes and failures of their political activities than to praise their personal virtues. The Beiyang era is indeed an era that is easily misunderstood. There are two reasons for the misunderstanding of history. One is that it is dwarfed and sheltered consciously for various reasons. Second, the misunderstanding caused by the lack of information. The latter is often the result of the former. For the cover of Northern history, in Nanjing