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摘 要:目的:探讨60 μmol/L槲皮素调节BRL大鼠肝细胞谷胱甘肽(GSH)代谢的可能机制。方法:采用MTT法测定槲皮素对BRL细胞活力的影响;采用试剂盒法检测细胞内GSH和GSSG的含量,以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、肝脏谷胱甘肽 S转移酶(GST)、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶(γ-GCL)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性;采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测GSH-Px、GST、γ-GCL和GR基因mRNA的表达情况;采用ELISA法测定细胞内的Keap1、总Nrf2、ERK1/2、磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)、JNK、p-JNK,以及细胞核Nrf2的蛋白水平。结果:槲皮素不影响大鼠肝细胞的活力(P>0.05);与对照组比较,槲皮素组细胞内还原型GSH含量和GSH/GSSG比值(P<0.05)显著降低(P<0.05),γ-GCL酶活性显著减弱(P<0.05),GR和GSH-Px的mRNA表达显著减少(P<0.05),Keap1和JNK蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:槲皮素可减少BRL大鼠肝细胞还原型GSH的含量,这种作用主要与槲皮素抑制GSH的生成有关。
关键词:槲皮素;谷胱甘肽;γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶;Keap1/Nrf2信号通路;MAPKs信号通路
槲皮素是一种类黄酮物质,也是分布最广泛的多酚类化合物之一,主要存在于蔬菜、水果、红酒、茶叶等食物和饮料中[1]。我国绝大多数水果和蔬菜中均含有槲皮素,尤其是水果中的山楂、冬枣、红提、石榴等,以及蔬菜中的洋葱、茴香、菠菜、球茎甘蓝、小白菜等[2]。槲皮素对人体有许多有益的作用,如抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节、抗2型糖尿病、预防动脉粥样硬化等[3-7]。本课题组前期的研究显示[8-9],以含0.5%槲皮素的AIN93饲料饲喂大鼠,大鼠肝脏和血清中的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、还原型GSH与氧化型GSH(GSSG)比值显著降低;血清中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性增强;肝脏谷胱甘肽 S转移酶(GST)活性和mRNA表达显著增强,而谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶(GCL)活性和mRNA表达显著受抑,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)mRNA表达减少。本研究体外培养BRL正常大鼠肝细胞,以60μmol/L槲皮素诱导细胞内GSH含量减少,在此基础上探讨槲皮素对GSH代谢酶及相关代谢通路,如Kelch样红细胞衍生相关蛋白1(Keap1)/核因子E2样因子2(Nrf2)信号通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)信号通路的影响,为阐明槲皮素下调GSH含量的机制,以及制定槲皮素的推荐摄入量标准提供科学依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 细胞株与试剂
1.1.1 BRL细胞株 BRL 细胞株为正常大鼠肝细胞,购自中国科学院上海生命科学院。
1.1.2 试剂与试剂盒 槲皮素(纯度≥99.9%),美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;胎牛血清,美国Gibco Life Technologies;高糖DEME培养基,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;GSH、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶(γ-GCL)、GR、GSH-Px、GST试剂盒,南京建成生物工程研究所;TRIzol试剂、cDNA合成試剂盒、SYBR Green Master mix,瑞士罗氏公司;Keap1、总Nrf2、核Nrf2、细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)、p-ERK1/2、c-Jun NH2-末端激酶(JNK)、p-JNK ELISA检测试剂盒,上海江莱生物科技有限公司;BCA蛋白试剂盒,上海生工生物工程股份有限公司。其余试剂均为国产分析纯。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 细胞培养及处理 将BRL细胞以4×105/mL的密度接种到含10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培养基中,用60 μmol/L槲皮素干预4 h后,弃培养液后加1.25%胰酶消化细胞,1 000 r/min、5 min离心收集细胞沉淀。加入适量生理盐水后,用超声破碎仪(美国Sonics & Materials公司)破裂细胞,离心(4℃,10 000 r,20 min),取上清,用于GSH、γ-GCL、GR、GSH-Px、GST活性的测定。
1.2.2 细胞活力测定 槲皮素以DMSO溶解,制成浓缩液。实验时以完全培养液将其稀释,槲皮素在培养液中的终浓度为60 μmol/L,DMSO为0.5‰(v/v)。收集细胞沉淀,加完全培养基配制成细胞悬液,密度5×104/mL,将细胞悬液接种于96孔板,每孔200 μL。以MTT法测定60 μmol/L槲皮素干预4 h后细胞的活力,每组设5个复孔。参照冯建等[10]的方法进行。
1.2.3 GSH、γ-GCL、GR、GSH-Px、GST活性测定 按照南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒说明书进行。以uQuant 200-999超级酶标仪(美国Biotek公司)测定相应指标的吸光度值,按照公式计算GSH、GSSG的含量,以及4种酶的活性。
1.2.4 γ-GCL、GR、GSH-Px、GST mRNA表达测定 实时荧光定量PCR法(qPCR)。参照Zhang等[11]的方法进行。采用ABI实时定量PCR系统检测荧光信号,以GAPDH为内参,计算4种酶基因的相对表达量。所用的引物如表1所示。
1.2.5 Keap1、总Nrf2、核Nrf2、ERK1/2、磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)、JNK、p-JNK蛋白水平测定 按照上海江莱生物科技有限公司ELISA检测试剂盒说明书进行测定。绘制标准曲线,计算蛋白的表达量。
1.2.6 蛋白定量BCA法 按照上海生工生物工程股份有限公司的试剂盒操作进行测定,以uQuant 200-999超级酶标仪测定相应指标的吸光度值,按照公式计算细胞的蛋白含量。 [15]Dringen R.Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain [J].Progress in Neurobiology,2000,62(6):649-671.
[16]de Boer V C,et al.Tissue distribution of quercetin in rats and pigs [J].Journal of Nutrition,2005,135(7):1718-1725.
[17]李素云,李崢,王立芹,等.槲皮素在Caco-2细胞中的代谢产物分析与初步鉴定 [J].国际药学研究杂志,2019,46(2):123-129、136.
[18]李素云,李峥,王立芹,等.槲皮素在Caco-2单层细胞模型上的跨膜吸收和甲基化代谢[J].中国药理学与毒理学杂志,2019,33(4):273-280.
[19]Manach C,et al.Quercetin is recovered in human plasma as conjugated derivatives which retain antioxidant properties [J].FEBS Lett,1998,426(3):331-336.
[20]Yeh S L,Lin Y C,Lin Y L,et al.Comparing the metabolism of quercetin in rats,mice and gerbils [J].European Journal of Nutrition,2016,55(1):413-422.
[21]O’Leary K A,Day A J,Needs P W,et al.Flavonoid glucuronides are substrates for human liver beta-glucuronidase [J].FEBS Lett,2001,503(1):103-106.
[22]Nguyen T,Sherratt P J,Pickett C B.Regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression mediated by the antioxidant response element [J].Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology,2003(43):233-260.
[23]Umemura K,Itoh T,Hamada N,et al.Preconditioning by sesquiterpene lactone enhances H2O2-induced Nrf2/ARE activation [J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2008,368(4):948-954.
[24]Sekhar K R,Rachakonda G,Freeman M L.Cysteine-based regulation of the CUL3 adaptor protein Keap1 [J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,2010,244(1):21-26.
[25]Owens D M,Keyse S M.Differential regulation of MAP kinase signalling by dual-specificity protein phosphatases [J].Oncogene,2007,26(22):3203-3213.
[26]Zhang Y,Dong C.Regulatory mechanisms of mitogen-activated kinase signaling [J].Cellular and molecular life sciences,2007,64(21):2771-2789.
[27]Jiménez-Castro M B,et al.Mitogen activated protein kinases in steatotic and non-steatotic livers submitted to ischemia-reperfusion [J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2019,20(7):1785.
[28]Min K,Ebeler S E.Quercetin inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and enhances DNA repair in Caco-2 cells [J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2009,47(11):2716-2722.
[29]Daubney J,et al. Cardioprotective and cardiotoxic effects of quercetin and two of its in vivo metabolites on differentiated h9c2 cardiomyocytes [J].Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Toxicology,2015,116(2):96-109.
Mechanism of Quercetin on Modulating Glutathione Metabolism in Rat Hepatocytes
GAO Wei-na,BIAN Xiang-yu,JIN Xiu,WANG Ling-ling,MA Yu-ying,YU Yi-jing,PU Ling-ling*,GUO Chang-jiang* (Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Academy of Military Sciences,Tianjin 300050,China)
Abstract:【Objective】 To explore possible mechanisms of quercetin(60 μmol/L)on glutathione(GSH)metabolism in BRL rat hepatocytes.【Method】 The viability of hepatocytes was measure by MTT method.Intracellular GSH and GSSG contents,as well as activities of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),glutathione s-transferase(GST),γ-glutamic cysteine ligase(γ-GCL)and glutathione reductase(GR)were measured by commercial kits.Message RNA expressions of GSH-Px,GST,γ-GCL and GR genes were assayed by quantitative real-time PCR method.Protein levels of Keap1,total Nrf2,ERK1/2,phosphorylated ERK(p-ERK1/2),JNK,p-JNK,and nuclear Nrf2 were determined by ELISA method.Protein quantification was assayed by BCA method.【Result】 Quercetin had no effect on viability of rat hepatocytes(P>0.05).Compared with control,intracelluar GSH content and GSH/GSSG ratio were decreased distinctly(P<0.05),activity of γ-GCL was weakened notably(P<0.05),mRNA expression of GR and GSH-Px was reduced remarkably(P<0.05),and protein levels of Keap1 and JNK were decreased significantly in quercetin group(P<0.05).【Conclusion】 Quercetin reduces the content of reduced GSH in BRL rat hepatocytes,which was mainly due to the inhibition of GSH production.
Keywords:quercetin;glutathione(GSH);γ-glutamic cysteine ligase(γ-GCL);Keap1/Nrf2 signal transduction pathway;MAPKs signal transduction pathway
基金項目:国家自然科学基金面上项目(项目编号:81372988)。
作者简介:高蔚娜(1977— ),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:植物化学物的生物学活性。
共同通信作者:蒲玲玲(1979— ),女,硕士,高级实验师,研究方向:植物化学物的生物学功能;郭长江(1963— ),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:植物化学物的生物学活性。
关键词:槲皮素;谷胱甘肽;γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶;Keap1/Nrf2信号通路;MAPKs信号通路
槲皮素是一种类黄酮物质,也是分布最广泛的多酚类化合物之一,主要存在于蔬菜、水果、红酒、茶叶等食物和饮料中[1]。我国绝大多数水果和蔬菜中均含有槲皮素,尤其是水果中的山楂、冬枣、红提、石榴等,以及蔬菜中的洋葱、茴香、菠菜、球茎甘蓝、小白菜等[2]。槲皮素对人体有许多有益的作用,如抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节、抗2型糖尿病、预防动脉粥样硬化等[3-7]。本课题组前期的研究显示[8-9],以含0.5%槲皮素的AIN93饲料饲喂大鼠,大鼠肝脏和血清中的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、还原型GSH与氧化型GSH(GSSG)比值显著降低;血清中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性增强;肝脏谷胱甘肽 S转移酶(GST)活性和mRNA表达显著增强,而谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶(GCL)活性和mRNA表达显著受抑,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)mRNA表达减少。本研究体外培养BRL正常大鼠肝细胞,以60μmol/L槲皮素诱导细胞内GSH含量减少,在此基础上探讨槲皮素对GSH代谢酶及相关代谢通路,如Kelch样红细胞衍生相关蛋白1(Keap1)/核因子E2样因子2(Nrf2)信号通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)信号通路的影响,为阐明槲皮素下调GSH含量的机制,以及制定槲皮素的推荐摄入量标准提供科学依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 细胞株与试剂
1.1.1 BRL细胞株 BRL 细胞株为正常大鼠肝细胞,购自中国科学院上海生命科学院。
1.1.2 试剂与试剂盒 槲皮素(纯度≥99.9%),美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;胎牛血清,美国Gibco Life Technologies;高糖DEME培养基,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;GSH、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶(γ-GCL)、GR、GSH-Px、GST试剂盒,南京建成生物工程研究所;TRIzol试剂、cDNA合成試剂盒、SYBR Green Master mix,瑞士罗氏公司;Keap1、总Nrf2、核Nrf2、细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)、p-ERK1/2、c-Jun NH2-末端激酶(JNK)、p-JNK ELISA检测试剂盒,上海江莱生物科技有限公司;BCA蛋白试剂盒,上海生工生物工程股份有限公司。其余试剂均为国产分析纯。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 细胞培养及处理 将BRL细胞以4×105/mL的密度接种到含10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培养基中,用60 μmol/L槲皮素干预4 h后,弃培养液后加1.25%胰酶消化细胞,1 000 r/min、5 min离心收集细胞沉淀。加入适量生理盐水后,用超声破碎仪(美国Sonics & Materials公司)破裂细胞,离心(4℃,10 000 r,20 min),取上清,用于GSH、γ-GCL、GR、GSH-Px、GST活性的测定。
1.2.2 细胞活力测定 槲皮素以DMSO溶解,制成浓缩液。实验时以完全培养液将其稀释,槲皮素在培养液中的终浓度为60 μmol/L,DMSO为0.5‰(v/v)。收集细胞沉淀,加完全培养基配制成细胞悬液,密度5×104/mL,将细胞悬液接种于96孔板,每孔200 μL。以MTT法测定60 μmol/L槲皮素干预4 h后细胞的活力,每组设5个复孔。参照冯建等[10]的方法进行。
1.2.3 GSH、γ-GCL、GR、GSH-Px、GST活性测定 按照南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒说明书进行。以uQuant 200-999超级酶标仪(美国Biotek公司)测定相应指标的吸光度值,按照公式计算GSH、GSSG的含量,以及4种酶的活性。
1.2.4 γ-GCL、GR、GSH-Px、GST mRNA表达测定 实时荧光定量PCR法(qPCR)。参照Zhang等[11]的方法进行。采用ABI实时定量PCR系统检测荧光信号,以GAPDH为内参,计算4种酶基因的相对表达量。所用的引物如表1所示。
1.2.5 Keap1、总Nrf2、核Nrf2、ERK1/2、磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)、JNK、p-JNK蛋白水平测定 按照上海江莱生物科技有限公司ELISA检测试剂盒说明书进行测定。绘制标准曲线,计算蛋白的表达量。
1.2.6 蛋白定量BCA法 按照上海生工生物工程股份有限公司的试剂盒操作进行测定,以uQuant 200-999超级酶标仪测定相应指标的吸光度值,按照公式计算细胞的蛋白含量。 [15]Dringen R.Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain [J].Progress in Neurobiology,2000,62(6):649-671.
[16]de Boer V C,et al.Tissue distribution of quercetin in rats and pigs [J].Journal of Nutrition,2005,135(7):1718-1725.
[17]李素云,李崢,王立芹,等.槲皮素在Caco-2细胞中的代谢产物分析与初步鉴定 [J].国际药学研究杂志,2019,46(2):123-129、136.
[18]李素云,李峥,王立芹,等.槲皮素在Caco-2单层细胞模型上的跨膜吸收和甲基化代谢[J].中国药理学与毒理学杂志,2019,33(4):273-280.
[19]Manach C,et al.Quercetin is recovered in human plasma as conjugated derivatives which retain antioxidant properties [J].FEBS Lett,1998,426(3):331-336.
[20]Yeh S L,Lin Y C,Lin Y L,et al.Comparing the metabolism of quercetin in rats,mice and gerbils [J].European Journal of Nutrition,2016,55(1):413-422.
[21]O’Leary K A,Day A J,Needs P W,et al.Flavonoid glucuronides are substrates for human liver beta-glucuronidase [J].FEBS Lett,2001,503(1):103-106.
[22]Nguyen T,Sherratt P J,Pickett C B.Regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression mediated by the antioxidant response element [J].Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology,2003(43):233-260.
[23]Umemura K,Itoh T,Hamada N,et al.Preconditioning by sesquiterpene lactone enhances H2O2-induced Nrf2/ARE activation [J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2008,368(4):948-954.
[24]Sekhar K R,Rachakonda G,Freeman M L.Cysteine-based regulation of the CUL3 adaptor protein Keap1 [J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,2010,244(1):21-26.
[25]Owens D M,Keyse S M.Differential regulation of MAP kinase signalling by dual-specificity protein phosphatases [J].Oncogene,2007,26(22):3203-3213.
[26]Zhang Y,Dong C.Regulatory mechanisms of mitogen-activated kinase signaling [J].Cellular and molecular life sciences,2007,64(21):2771-2789.
[27]Jiménez-Castro M B,et al.Mitogen activated protein kinases in steatotic and non-steatotic livers submitted to ischemia-reperfusion [J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2019,20(7):1785.
[28]Min K,Ebeler S E.Quercetin inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and enhances DNA repair in Caco-2 cells [J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2009,47(11):2716-2722.
[29]Daubney J,et al. Cardioprotective and cardiotoxic effects of quercetin and two of its in vivo metabolites on differentiated h9c2 cardiomyocytes [J].Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Toxicology,2015,116(2):96-109.
Mechanism of Quercetin on Modulating Glutathione Metabolism in Rat Hepatocytes
GAO Wei-na,BIAN Xiang-yu,JIN Xiu,WANG Ling-ling,MA Yu-ying,YU Yi-jing,PU Ling-ling*,GUO Chang-jiang* (Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Academy of Military Sciences,Tianjin 300050,China)
Abstract:【Objective】 To explore possible mechanisms of quercetin(60 μmol/L)on glutathione(GSH)metabolism in BRL rat hepatocytes.【Method】 The viability of hepatocytes was measure by MTT method.Intracellular GSH and GSSG contents,as well as activities of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),glutathione s-transferase(GST),γ-glutamic cysteine ligase(γ-GCL)and glutathione reductase(GR)were measured by commercial kits.Message RNA expressions of GSH-Px,GST,γ-GCL and GR genes were assayed by quantitative real-time PCR method.Protein levels of Keap1,total Nrf2,ERK1/2,phosphorylated ERK(p-ERK1/2),JNK,p-JNK,and nuclear Nrf2 were determined by ELISA method.Protein quantification was assayed by BCA method.【Result】 Quercetin had no effect on viability of rat hepatocytes(P>0.05).Compared with control,intracelluar GSH content and GSH/GSSG ratio were decreased distinctly(P<0.05),activity of γ-GCL was weakened notably(P<0.05),mRNA expression of GR and GSH-Px was reduced remarkably(P<0.05),and protein levels of Keap1 and JNK were decreased significantly in quercetin group(P<0.05).【Conclusion】 Quercetin reduces the content of reduced GSH in BRL rat hepatocytes,which was mainly due to the inhibition of GSH production.
Keywords:quercetin;glutathione(GSH);γ-glutamic cysteine ligase(γ-GCL);Keap1/Nrf2 signal transduction pathway;MAPKs signal transduction pathway
基金項目:国家自然科学基金面上项目(项目编号:81372988)。
作者简介:高蔚娜(1977— ),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:植物化学物的生物学活性。
共同通信作者:蒲玲玲(1979— ),女,硕士,高级实验师,研究方向:植物化学物的生物学功能;郭长江(1963— ),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:植物化学物的生物学活性。