“公地”(commons)制度是英国中古时期的一种土地制度。封建主在自己的领地中划出尚未耕种的土地作为牧场,提供给当地牧民无偿放牧。由于放牧是无偿的,每一个牧民都希望尽可能多地增加自己牛羊的数量。随着牛羊数量无节制地增加,牧场最终因过度放牧而成了不毛之地。1968年,美国学者哈定发表了著名的《公地的悲剧》一文,指出人类因过度使用空气、水、海洋水产等看似免费的资源,终将付出无形而巨大的代 The “commons” system was a land system of medieval England. The feudal lord drew out unprovoked land in its own territory as a ranch and provided the herdsmen with free grazing. Since grazing is free, every herder wants to increase her own number of cattle and sheep as much as she can. As the number of cattle and sheep increases uncontrollably, pastures eventually become barren due to overgrazing. In 1968, American scholar Harding published the famous article “The Tragedy of the Commons”, pointing out that mankind will eventually pay an invisible and huge generation due to the seemingly free resources of overuse of air, water and marine aquaculture