The origin of sulfuryl-containing components in SEI from sulfate additives for stable cycling of ult

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In the light of wireless and non-fossil society based on portable electronics, electric vehicles, and smart grids, secondary batteries with higher energy density, faster charge, and safer operation are pursued persistently [1].Nowadays, commercial lithium (Li)-ion batteries have been practically applied in our daily life.However, the energy density of Li-ion batteries based on intercalation chemistry is approaching to the theoretical value due to the limited specific capacity of graphite anode (372 mA h g-1) [2].In order to further improve the energy density of secondary batteries, Li metal anode was revisited owing to its extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mA h g-1) and low reduction potential (-3.04 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode) [3].Moreover, Li metal anode can be combined with different types of cathodes, such as intercalated cathodes (e.g., LiFePO4 and LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523)) and conversion cathodes (e.g., sulfur and oxygen) to construct various next-generation battery systems [4,5].
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