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以江南家庭经济为代表的中国小农经济,由清朝中期斯密型动力的“男耕女织”模式,向19世纪中期农业过密化的蜕变,是中国步入近代的标志性特征之一。19世纪50年代以后,以中国为中心的朝贡贸易体系日益被西方帝国主义金融国际贸易体系所支配,为中国经济史打上了又一近代印记。太平天国起义是对前者的直接反应,第二次鸦片战争则明显加速了后者的演进。因此,太平天国起义和第二次鸦片战争可以作为中国近代史的开端;同时,近代的意义还应该从中国王朝兴亡周期律这一更宏大的历史规律中求得新的理解。
The small-scale peasant economy in China, represented by the Jiangnan family economy, was characterized by the Smithian model of “male and female farming” in the mid-Qing dynasty and the degeneration of agricultural densification in the mid-19th century. It was a landmark feature of China’s entry into modern times one. After the 1850s, the tributary-trading system centered on China was increasingly dominated by the Western imperialist financial international trade system and marked another modern mark for China’s economic history. The Taiping Rebellion was a direct response to the former and the Second Opium War significantly accelerated the latter’s evolution. Therefore, the Taiping Rebellion and the Second Opium War can serve as the beginning of the modern history of China. Meanwhile, the meaning of modern times should also obtain a new understanding from the more grand historical law of the cycle of the rise and fall of the Chinese dynasty.