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一、引言
2016年是广东省参加全国卷高考的第一年。作为一名高三英语教师,笔者认真阅读,分析了近五年的高考真题。发现全国卷所选材料语言地道,词汇量和阅读量较大,注重对长句的分析,考察等。就词汇而言,材料中会有少量生词出现,还有若干词形变换词以及以新的意义出现的旧词等。笔者认为全国卷I的阅读词汇考察范围和难度稍大于近几年的广东卷。鉴于此,笔者在高三一年的备考中,尤其是在第一轮词汇复习中,采取了相应的词汇教学策略以提高学生对词汇的感知,理解,记忆,拓展和运用能力。本文将从词块的教学,猜词能力的培养,词汇的归纳方面来探讨高三英语的词汇教学。
二、高三英语教学策略
(一)词块教学策略
近年来,不少教师将词块策略应用于词汇教学实践中。因为词块教学的优势在于培养学生语言的准确性,地道性和提高语言的流利程度。降低语言学习者的记忆负担。
词块概念是由 Becker(1975)提出,他认为语言的最小单位不是单个的词,而是固定半固定的模式化的语言板块结构。Nattinger和Decarrico(1992) 认为词块可分为①聚合词语,一种固定的词的组合如:date back to, in spite of …②约定俗成表达(包括谚语,名言,交际套语等)如 No pains ,no gains... ③限制性結构短语, 一些可变性的固定短语框架如in the past ...years/months; ____ ago ④句子构造型短语既句型 如:It happened that... / neither...nor...等。
由以上分类可看出词块是集合了语义,语法,语境而存在的语言板块,将这样的语块于大脑中,学生易于记忆,形成正确语感,也便于语言的输出。
笔者将词块教学应用于高三第一轮词汇复习中,旨在提高词汇教学效率。
现将人教版Book8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors 为例来探讨词块教学模式。本单元的主题是早期人类的生活方式和人类文明发展进程。
1.结合课文内容回顾词汇(用本单元词汇填所缺词及所给词正确形式填空)
A group of students came to the ZhouKoudian caves , which between 700,000 and 200,000years.An introduced that some of the early people lived higher up the hill the cold. Layers of ash suggested that early people might have left the fire burning all winter to keep warm, cook and wild beasts away . Their life was not as easy as ours, and they used bone needles , (sharp) stone tools and scrapers to clothes. What’s more, early people did care about their (appear) by wearing a necklace animal bones and shells . As the botanical (analyze) have showed us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large lake. Early people might move around and gathered ripe fruit and hunted animals .
(参考答案:date back to; archeologist; regardless of ; scare; sharpened; sew; appearance; made of ; analysis )
此环节是以课文语境的设计帮助学生迅速建立起本单元话题的词块网络,回顾可能遗忘词汇。
2.重点延伸
对于本单元的重点词汇,笔者设计了不同的搭配来拓展词形,词义。帮助学生理解在不同的语境中词快的不同意义。
如辨别significant/significantly/significance 的不同词形词义时:
The government attached significance to improving employment rate because it was of great significance to social stability. The policies made by the government had practical significance. By the end of last year, the employment rate had increased significantly.
(重视;很重要的;实际意义;显著地)通过小小语段,学生能理解,把握significant的不同意义和用法。
3.创设语境,练习词块
根据以下中文提示,完成一篇50词左右的短文。划线部分要用到本单元词汇。
尽管又冷又饿,Mr. Li还是给我们做了一场有意义的演讲。这场演讲是有关如何帮助贫困的人。他的演讲时不时被同学们的掌声打断。如果我们有足够的时间为落后地区人们做点什么,我们就会加快那里的发展。
Regardless of cold and hunger, Mr. Li came to give us a speech of great significance about what we could do for people in need. He was interrupted by the applauding of the students . Assuming that we all have ample time to do something for the primitive areas. We will accelerate the development there. 笔者将本单元的词块用于这创设语段,培养学生活用所学词汇的能力,丰富了语篇输出的语块如Assuming that这样的构造型短语,为书面表达奠定基础。语境的设计贴近学生的生活,使学生感到语言的实用性,易激发学生的学习兴趣、动机。
4.活用词块,语篇输出
通过语境下的词块教学及练习,学生已建立圍绕本单元话题的词块网络,笔者设计了以下书面表达:
主题: 惠州客家围屋(Hakka enclosed house)介绍及保护
主要内容:① 围屋是客家文化的象征。②惠州围屋大部分建于清朝,主要分布(distribute)于惠阳地区。③ 围屋历史 ④呼吁保护。
Student’ s writing: Hakka enclosed houses are symbols of Hakka culture. Huizhou enclosed houses ,most of which date back to Qing Dynasty , mainly distribute at Huiyang district. These castle-style buildings were constructed not only for a big family to live together but also to defend against enemies. Regardless of a history of hundreds of years, some remain well-preserved and currently open to public as tourist attractions . However there are some other enclosed houses being damaged because people are ignorant of their cultural significance. As we know, cultural relics are left to us by our ancestors, it’s our duty to protect them. The local government should raise people’s awareness of preservation as well as pass laws to prevent them being damaged.
语篇的写作练习提高了词汇的复现率,增强了学生运用核心词句的能力,也培养了篇章结构意识。
(二)猜词策略
全国卷I中有少量的生词和词形变换的词出现.因此猜词策略的培养也是词汇教学的一部分。 笔者主要是从构词法教学和语境猜词两方面来培养学生的猜词能力。
1.掌握基本的构词法知识:
构词法的教学渗透在高三每个单元的词汇复习中,学生掌握常用的词根、前缀、后缀及他们的基本词义,大大提高了辨别词义、记忆单词的能力。如后缀 “en”有“使;使变成”之意,由此学生可猜出 shorten, darken, deepen,等词义。
还是以Book 8 Unit5 Meeting your ancestors为例,笔者设计了以下词形变化练习。
aware (adj.) (词义) (n)
interrupt(v) (词义) (n)
sharp(adj.) (词义) (v) (n)等。
2.语境猜词
利用语句的关键词和上下文逻辑关系来猜测词义需要培养学生较强的句子分析能力和语篇结构的把握及逻辑思维能力。以2015年全国卷I的完型填空的第51题为例。
All the kids _51__ something they would do away with for the week.
A. declared B. shared C. ignored D. expected
此句并不长,但如果学生猜测不出do away with的词义的话,需要从整篇大意及上文语句理解:Giving from our need...此句中的关键词是Giving,也是整语篇的关键词,再加之上文提示作者家境并不富裕可以得出do away with应是舍弃之意,要宣告舍弃才能给予,所以答案为A
(三)归纳词汇记忆策略
为减轻学生的记忆负担和对考试的方向有一定的指向性,笔者从同义词归纳、词形辨析、词类特点等方面对高考词汇进行了分类整合。
1.同义词——根据全国卷高考大纲词汇归纳
abandon ,give up / abruptly, suddenly / absurd , ridiculous
abundant , ample / appropriate, suitable, proper等
同义词记忆法是一种较好的记忆词汇的方法,不仅扩大词汇量,而且鼓励学生多样化的词语表达。
2.易混词辨析
hard, hardly / board, broad, abroad / frequent, fluent
mental, metal / philosophy, psychology / image, imagine等
失之毫厘,差之千里。词汇的模糊记忆会影响学生的语句和篇章的理解。教师在做词义,词形辨析时,应从发音、构词规律等方面讲解、分析,反复强调。使学生有意识地加以区分和记忆。
3.词法的角度分类:
A.常见表语形容词:alive, asleep, afraid, unable, ill etc.
B.去“e”加“ly”或“y”结尾的副词:gentle, gently/ true, truly
simple, simply ...
C. 以“edly”结尾的副词:excitedly, hurriedly, repeatedly, worriedly
D.双写辅音字母的动词过去式:referred, preferred, occurred , chatted
E. 双写辅音字母的动词现在分:permitting, forbidding, controlling, regretting
另外注意: die/dying / lie/ lying / tie/ tying
以上提供的词汇仅是笔者对高考词汇归类的一部分。高三教师对高考词汇的分类需要耐心、细致地查阅、分析、综合等。它能提高词汇教学的效率,是词汇教学成功的前提。
三、结束语
有效的词汇教学是实现高三英语教学目标的前提、关键。本文从词块教学、猜词策略的培养、归类记忆方面探讨高三词汇教学,不仅旨在提高词汇教学的效率,也帮助学生提升应试能力。但高三学生的词汇积累、能力的提升仅凭这些策略是不够的。教师面对的是各种层次的学生。教无定法,如面对基础不好的学生,教师作为管理者的角色就要融入教学中,督促学生查漏补缺,反复记忆,培养其自主学习意识。针对优秀的英语学习者,教师应鼓励其拓展课外阅读,如英语的报刊文摘等,并指导他们积累、扩充课外词汇,建立词块库,培养其良好的自学能力。毕竟,教学的最终目标是养成学生的自主学习意识、构建其知识结构、形成其学习能力.
2016年是广东省参加全国卷高考的第一年。作为一名高三英语教师,笔者认真阅读,分析了近五年的高考真题。发现全国卷所选材料语言地道,词汇量和阅读量较大,注重对长句的分析,考察等。就词汇而言,材料中会有少量生词出现,还有若干词形变换词以及以新的意义出现的旧词等。笔者认为全国卷I的阅读词汇考察范围和难度稍大于近几年的广东卷。鉴于此,笔者在高三一年的备考中,尤其是在第一轮词汇复习中,采取了相应的词汇教学策略以提高学生对词汇的感知,理解,记忆,拓展和运用能力。本文将从词块的教学,猜词能力的培养,词汇的归纳方面来探讨高三英语的词汇教学。
二、高三英语教学策略
(一)词块教学策略
近年来,不少教师将词块策略应用于词汇教学实践中。因为词块教学的优势在于培养学生语言的准确性,地道性和提高语言的流利程度。降低语言学习者的记忆负担。
词块概念是由 Becker(1975)提出,他认为语言的最小单位不是单个的词,而是固定半固定的模式化的语言板块结构。Nattinger和Decarrico(1992) 认为词块可分为①聚合词语,一种固定的词的组合如:date back to, in spite of …②约定俗成表达(包括谚语,名言,交际套语等)如 No pains ,no gains... ③限制性結构短语, 一些可变性的固定短语框架如in the past ...years/months; ____ ago ④句子构造型短语既句型 如:It happened that... / neither...nor...等。
由以上分类可看出词块是集合了语义,语法,语境而存在的语言板块,将这样的语块于大脑中,学生易于记忆,形成正确语感,也便于语言的输出。
笔者将词块教学应用于高三第一轮词汇复习中,旨在提高词汇教学效率。
现将人教版Book8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors 为例来探讨词块教学模式。本单元的主题是早期人类的生活方式和人类文明发展进程。
1.结合课文内容回顾词汇(用本单元词汇填所缺词及所给词正确形式填空)
A group of students came to the ZhouKoudian caves , which between 700,000 and 200,000years.An introduced that some of the early people lived higher up the hill the cold. Layers of ash suggested that early people might have left the fire burning all winter to keep warm, cook and wild beasts away . Their life was not as easy as ours, and they used bone needles , (sharp) stone tools and scrapers to clothes. What’s more, early people did care about their (appear) by wearing a necklace animal bones and shells . As the botanical (analyze) have showed us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large lake. Early people might move around and gathered ripe fruit and hunted animals .
(参考答案:date back to; archeologist; regardless of ; scare; sharpened; sew; appearance; made of ; analysis )
此环节是以课文语境的设计帮助学生迅速建立起本单元话题的词块网络,回顾可能遗忘词汇。
2.重点延伸
对于本单元的重点词汇,笔者设计了不同的搭配来拓展词形,词义。帮助学生理解在不同的语境中词快的不同意义。
如辨别significant/significantly/significance 的不同词形词义时:
The government attached significance to improving employment rate because it was of great significance to social stability. The policies made by the government had practical significance. By the end of last year, the employment rate had increased significantly.
(重视;很重要的;实际意义;显著地)通过小小语段,学生能理解,把握significant的不同意义和用法。
3.创设语境,练习词块
根据以下中文提示,完成一篇50词左右的短文。划线部分要用到本单元词汇。
尽管又冷又饿,Mr. Li还是给我们做了一场有意义的演讲。这场演讲是有关如何帮助贫困的人。他的演讲时不时被同学们的掌声打断。如果我们有足够的时间为落后地区人们做点什么,我们就会加快那里的发展。
Regardless of cold and hunger, Mr. Li came to give us a speech of great significance about what we could do for people in need. He was interrupted by the applauding of the students . Assuming that we all have ample time to do something for the primitive areas. We will accelerate the development there. 笔者将本单元的词块用于这创设语段,培养学生活用所学词汇的能力,丰富了语篇输出的语块如Assuming that这样的构造型短语,为书面表达奠定基础。语境的设计贴近学生的生活,使学生感到语言的实用性,易激发学生的学习兴趣、动机。
4.活用词块,语篇输出
通过语境下的词块教学及练习,学生已建立圍绕本单元话题的词块网络,笔者设计了以下书面表达:
主题: 惠州客家围屋(Hakka enclosed house)介绍及保护
主要内容:① 围屋是客家文化的象征。②惠州围屋大部分建于清朝,主要分布(distribute)于惠阳地区。③ 围屋历史 ④呼吁保护。
Student’ s writing: Hakka enclosed houses are symbols of Hakka culture. Huizhou enclosed houses ,most of which date back to Qing Dynasty , mainly distribute at Huiyang district. These castle-style buildings were constructed not only for a big family to live together but also to defend against enemies. Regardless of a history of hundreds of years, some remain well-preserved and currently open to public as tourist attractions . However there are some other enclosed houses being damaged because people are ignorant of their cultural significance. As we know, cultural relics are left to us by our ancestors, it’s our duty to protect them. The local government should raise people’s awareness of preservation as well as pass laws to prevent them being damaged.
语篇的写作练习提高了词汇的复现率,增强了学生运用核心词句的能力,也培养了篇章结构意识。
(二)猜词策略
全国卷I中有少量的生词和词形变换的词出现.因此猜词策略的培养也是词汇教学的一部分。 笔者主要是从构词法教学和语境猜词两方面来培养学生的猜词能力。
1.掌握基本的构词法知识:
构词法的教学渗透在高三每个单元的词汇复习中,学生掌握常用的词根、前缀、后缀及他们的基本词义,大大提高了辨别词义、记忆单词的能力。如后缀 “en”有“使;使变成”之意,由此学生可猜出 shorten, darken, deepen,等词义。
还是以Book 8 Unit5 Meeting your ancestors为例,笔者设计了以下词形变化练习。
aware (adj.) (词义) (n)
interrupt(v) (词义) (n)
sharp(adj.) (词义) (v) (n)等。
2.语境猜词
利用语句的关键词和上下文逻辑关系来猜测词义需要培养学生较强的句子分析能力和语篇结构的把握及逻辑思维能力。以2015年全国卷I的完型填空的第51题为例。
All the kids _51__ something they would do away with for the week.
A. declared B. shared C. ignored D. expected
此句并不长,但如果学生猜测不出do away with的词义的话,需要从整篇大意及上文语句理解:Giving from our need...此句中的关键词是Giving,也是整语篇的关键词,再加之上文提示作者家境并不富裕可以得出do away with应是舍弃之意,要宣告舍弃才能给予,所以答案为A
(三)归纳词汇记忆策略
为减轻学生的记忆负担和对考试的方向有一定的指向性,笔者从同义词归纳、词形辨析、词类特点等方面对高考词汇进行了分类整合。
1.同义词——根据全国卷高考大纲词汇归纳
abandon ,give up / abruptly, suddenly / absurd , ridiculous
abundant , ample / appropriate, suitable, proper等
同义词记忆法是一种较好的记忆词汇的方法,不仅扩大词汇量,而且鼓励学生多样化的词语表达。
2.易混词辨析
hard, hardly / board, broad, abroad / frequent, fluent
mental, metal / philosophy, psychology / image, imagine等
失之毫厘,差之千里。词汇的模糊记忆会影响学生的语句和篇章的理解。教师在做词义,词形辨析时,应从发音、构词规律等方面讲解、分析,反复强调。使学生有意识地加以区分和记忆。
3.词法的角度分类:
A.常见表语形容词:alive, asleep, afraid, unable, ill etc.
B.去“e”加“ly”或“y”结尾的副词:gentle, gently/ true, truly
simple, simply ...
C. 以“edly”结尾的副词:excitedly, hurriedly, repeatedly, worriedly
D.双写辅音字母的动词过去式:referred, preferred, occurred , chatted
E. 双写辅音字母的动词现在分:permitting, forbidding, controlling, regretting
另外注意: die/dying / lie/ lying / tie/ tying
以上提供的词汇仅是笔者对高考词汇归类的一部分。高三教师对高考词汇的分类需要耐心、细致地查阅、分析、综合等。它能提高词汇教学的效率,是词汇教学成功的前提。
三、结束语
有效的词汇教学是实现高三英语教学目标的前提、关键。本文从词块教学、猜词策略的培养、归类记忆方面探讨高三词汇教学,不仅旨在提高词汇教学的效率,也帮助学生提升应试能力。但高三学生的词汇积累、能力的提升仅凭这些策略是不够的。教师面对的是各种层次的学生。教无定法,如面对基础不好的学生,教师作为管理者的角色就要融入教学中,督促学生查漏补缺,反复记忆,培养其自主学习意识。针对优秀的英语学习者,教师应鼓励其拓展课外阅读,如英语的报刊文摘等,并指导他们积累、扩充课外词汇,建立词块库,培养其良好的自学能力。毕竟,教学的最终目标是养成学生的自主学习意识、构建其知识结构、形成其学习能力.