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先秦儒家与法家的成德思想有“由内而外”及“由外而内”两种类型,前者包括孔子之“循亲成德”与孟子之“循心成德”路径,后者包括荀子之“循礼成德”与韩非子之“循法成德”路径。“由内而外”之思路,强调道德意愿与道德行为、私德与公德、个人道德与社会整体道德之间的连贯性,核心在于“内源性”道德意愿之培育。孔子侧重血缘亲情,孟子更多关注普遍性的人心与人性之善。“由外而内”之思路,主张外在行为规则体系之重要性,由道德行为之养成而塑造道德意愿,由公德之规训而成就私德之完善,由社会整体道德水平之维护而营造个人道德实现之氛围,核心在于“外塑型”道德意愿之养成。荀子之礼,贵在柔性教化与熏陶;韩非子之法,重在公正无私地确保社会道德底线。
Pre-Qin Confucianism and Legalism have two kinds of thoughts of “virtue from inside to outside” and “from inside to outside” of Confucianism and Legalism. The former includes Confucius’ conception of “pro-morality” and “Mencius” Chengde “path, the latter includes Xunzi ” following the ceremony of virtue “and” HanFeizi “” follow the law “path. ”From the inside out “ train of thought, emphasizing the continuity between the moral will and moral behavior, private morality and morality, personal morality and social overall morality, the core lies in the cultivation of moral intention of ”endogenous “. Confucius focused on kinship, Mencius pay more attention to the universal human and human goodness. ”From the outside and inside “ train of thought, advocating the importance of the system of rules of external behavior, the formation of moral behavior through the formation of moral will, from the rules of public morality to improve the integrity of private morality, from the overall moral level of society To maintain and create an atmosphere of personal moral fulfillment, the core lies in the formation of the moral will of ”plasticity". Xunzi’s ceremony, your enlightenment and nurturing flexibility; Han Feizi law, focusing on just and unselfish to ensure that the social moral bottom line.