目前世界各国进行水资源配置的方法大致可分为三种类型：（1）行政（政府）配置；（2）用水户参与或协商配置；（3）水市场．在介绍了三种配置方法的特点后，阐述了建立有效水市场应注意的一些问题．经验表明，只有完全在政府控制下，符合有效和有益利用原则，而且可以防止伤害到第三方利益和环境的水市场，才可以促进水资源的高效和平等分配． At present, the methods for allocating water resources all over the world can be divided into three types: (1) administrative (government) allocation; (2) water user participation or negotiation configuration; (3) water market. After introducing the characteristics of the three configuration methods, some problems that should be paid attention to in establishing an effective water market are expounded. Experience has shown that efficient and equitable distribution of water resources can only be promoted if they are fully governed by the government, in line with the principle of effective and profitable utilization, and can prevent water markets that hurt third-party interests and the environment.