浅谈定语从句的状语用法

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  定语从句在英语中使用很广。学生往往认为,定语从句就是作定语,是对中心名词的修饰和限定。但有些定语从句,形式上虽是定语,却含有状语的意义,表示时间、条件、原因、目的、让步和结果等多种关系,这种现象被称为“定语从句的状语用法”。
  在现行和旧版的高中英语人教版教材中这种情况都有体现。因此,我们在教学中不仅要重视定语从句的语法结构的分析,还要重视对定语从句的语义功能的研究,只有这样才能真正帮助学生正确理解和运用定语从句。
  一、定语从句的状语用法示例
  1. 表示“原因”的定语从句。
  从上下文的语境来看,这类定语从句与主句之间是因果关系,相当于as, because等引导的原因状语从句。如,
  Some festivals are held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors,who might return either to help or to do harm.(M3U1 人教版必修3 Unit 1)
  =Some festivals are held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors because they might return either to help or to do harm. 有些节日,是为了纪念死者,或使祖先得到满足,因为祖先们有可能回到世上(给人们)提供帮助,也可能带来危害。
  He is loved and remembered as a great actor who could inspire people with great confidence. (M4U3)人们热爱和怀念这位伟大的演员,因为他鼓舞人们并增强他们的信心。
  2. 表示“时间”的定语从句。
  这类定语从句在句中表示时间,在语义上相当于when, after, until 等引导的时间状语从句。
  First aid is a temporary form of help given to someone who suddenly falls ill or gets injured before a doctor can be found. (M5U5)
  = First aid is a temporary form of help given to someone when he or she suddenly falls ill or gets injured before a doctor can be found.急救是当一个人突然生病或受伤时,在找到医生之前所进行的一种临时援助形式。
  A driver who is driving a car mustn’t talk with others or be assent-minded.
  =When a driver is driving a car, he mustn’t talk with others or be assent-minded.司机开车时,不能与别人谈话,也不能走神。
  3. 表示“条件”的定语从句。
  这类定语从句在句中表示条件,在语义上相当于if等引导的条件状语从句。
  Anyone who has sex with a person infected with HIV/AIDS risks getting the virus. (M6U3)
  = Anyone risks getting the virus if he or she has sex with a person infected with HIV/AIDS. 任何人如果同感染了HIV病毒的人性交,他们就有染上这种病毒的危险。
  Nothing is hard in the world for anyone who dares to scale the heights. 世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
  4. 表示“目的”的定语从句。
  这类定语从句在句中表示目的,在语义上相当于so that, in order that等引导的目的状语从句。
  She has helped to set up special places where they can live safely. (M4U1)
  = She has helped to set up special places so that they can live safely there. 她已经帮助建立了特别的地方,以便黑猩猩们能够安全地生活。
  He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the environmental problem. 他希望写一篇文章来引起公众对环境问题的注意。
  5. 表示“让步”的定语从句。
  这类定语从句在句中表示让步,在语义上相当于although,though,no matter等引导的让步状语从句。
  Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
  =No matter who breaks the law,he or she will be punished.
  Computers which have many advantages cannot do creative work and replace man. 计算机虽有许多优点,还是不能做创造性的工作,不能代替人。   6. 表示“结果”的定语从句。
  这类定语从句表示主句动作或情况发生后所产生的影响或结果,在语义上相当于so that 等引导的结果状语从句。
  They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. (M3U4)
  = They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere so that it prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中,这使得地球上的热量不能释放到太空中去。
  They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere. (M3U4) 最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体,从而形成了地球的大气层。
  This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. (M3U4) 这就产生了一系列的反应,使得生命就有可能开始发展了。
  二、单句翻译
  请用定语从句翻译下列句子。
  1. 约翰不能来参加生日聚会,因为他母亲病了。
  2. 人类不能在月球上居住,因为那里没有空气和水。
  3. 在别人回答问题或讲话时,打断他们是不礼貌的。
  4. 那个囚犯坐了十年大牢,今天被释放了。
  5. 如果反对,请举手。
  6. 人不自爱,焉能爱人?
  7. 他在北京给父母买了一套新公寓,以便让他们愉快地度过晚年。
  8. 如今很多蔬菜都种在温室里而不种在菜园里,以免它们受风雨和虫子的侵害。
  9. 许多人虽然青年时代没有多少出众之处,后来却为国家做出了重大贡献。
  10. 他坚持要买一个MP4,虽然对他来说并不必要。
  11. 他搬起石头,结果砸了自己的脚。
  12. 去年他中风了,严重影响了他的健康。
  三、语篇优化
  请用定语从句优化下列短文。
  Recently we have made a survey among all the boys and girls in our class about“To whom you go when in trouble”. According to the survey, 58of the students will go to their classmates or friends when in trouble, for they are almost of the same age, they can talk with, communicate with and understand each other easily. Besides,30of the students will tell their teachers or parents about their trouble because the teacher and parents have rich experience and love them very much.
  Only a few students have no idea at all because they are reluctant to communicate with each other.
  In my opinion, when in trouble we’d better ask our teachers, parents, friends or classmates for help.
  参考答案
  单句翻译
  1. John, whose mother is ill, cannot come to the birthday party.
  2. Man cannot live on the moon, where there is no air and water.
  3. It is bad manners to interrupt anyone who is reciting or speaking.
  4. The prisoner, who has been in prison for ten years, is set free today.
  5. Those who are against please put up your hands.
  6. He that is ill to himself will be good to nobody?
  7. He bought a new flat for his parents in Beijing, where he could spend their later life happily.
  8. Today, many vegetables are not grown in gardens but in greenhouses where they are protected from the wind, rain and insects.   9. Many people who had few advantages in their youth have made great contributions to their country.
  10. He insists on buying a MP4,which is not essential to him.
  11. He lifted a stone, which dropped onto his own foot.
  12. Last year he had a serious stroke, which seriously affected his health.
  语篇优化
  Recently we have made a survey among all the boys and girls in our class about“To whom you go when in trouble”. According to the survey, When in trouble, 58of the students will seek help from their classmates or friends,who,being almost of the same age, can talk with,communicate with and understand them easily. Besides,30of the students will talk about their trouble with their teachers or parents who have rich experience and love them very much. Only a few students have no idea at all because they are reluctant to communicate with each other. In my opinion, when in trouble we’d better turn to our teachers, parents, friends or classmates for help.
  (作者单位:中山市第一中学)
  责任编校 蒋小青
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