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【摘 要】四级考试作文写作从结构上举例分析及逻辑语义关联成分的指导应用。
【关键词】四级考试 写作 分析 结构
【中图分类号】G642【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1006-9682(2009)09-0077-02
大学英语四级考试的考试大纲是根据《大学英语教学大纲》制定的,考试大纲对所考英语语言分别进行了量化描述,并附有样卷。大学英语四级考试以此为命题依据。考试大纲对大学英语四级写作的要求如下:写作(PartⅠ:Writing):共1题,考试时间30分钟。要求学生写出一篇不少于120词的短文。试卷上可能给出题目,或规定情景,或要求看图作文,或给出段首句要求续写,或给出关键词要求写成短文。要求能够正确表达思想,意义连贯,无重大语言错误。写作内容:日常生活和一般常识。写作目的:测试学生运用英语思维进行书面表达的初步能力。
英文写作对于中国学生来说是一大薄弱环节。由于没有系统的课堂训练,又无实际的应用环境,绝大多数人不知道如何去写一篇好作文。全国大学英语四级统考要求考生在30分钟之内写出一篇至少120字以上的满分为15分的命题作文。并且明确规定,不能放弃不写,如果低于6分,则影响其整个试卷的成绩。学生必须掌握基本的写作技巧,例如,如何选词、如何组句、如何成段等,要了解各种不同类型的作文题目及其对策。四级考试作文题往往有很大的惯性。因此,复习历年真题在准备四级考试中具有很大重要性。而相对固定的校园话题,也让备考相对容易一些。
以本次考试作文为例,笔者从几篇例文中选择了一篇来加以分析。
Nowadays many college students prefer to have electives in their spare time because the courses can offer a variety of skills and abundant knowledge apart from what they learn in the daily courses. There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.
To start with, many students want to get another degree besides their own, so that they can have more competence when they seek a job. Furthermore, as for me, I don’t care about degree or job, I just want to obtain some necessary skills to make my college life worthwhile. What I’m concerned most is how to own more skills that may be necessary for my future. Finally, some students want to learn anything that is different from what they are learning now. The science students, for example, want to know about Shakespeare while the art students want to tell how a vehicle works and how to deal with it when it breaks down. So, they can all get what they think is useful to their college life.
On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of multi-dem and of the employment market. There is still a long way for us to improve the elective itself, but as a student myself, I find it rewarding and interesting.
这篇三段式作文。第一段为引言部分,主要引出文章的话题或要讨论的主题(topic),并在段尾写出文章中心思想句(thesis statement)。第二段为全文的核心部分(main body),阐述第一段提出的中心思想,因此既有主题句(topic sentence)又有闡述理由的句子(supporting sentence)。第三段为结尾部分(conclusion),对全文进行归纳和总结。
该篇作文比较突出优点和特色表现在结构紧凑,条理清楚,层次分明,有很强的逻辑顺序感;没有语言错误和表达能力较强。所以从写作策略上来说,学生要在高中至大一期间牢固掌握基础语法知识,从根本上避免发生语言错误,熟练运用语法结构和要点,避免扣分争取高分。
同时,要牢牢把握写作的核心元素——词汇。要从词性、词义、语境、近义辨析诸方面来掌握重点词汇,以课文为范本学习运用词汇,力求做到运用娴熟,用词准确、地道;特别值得注意的是,在写作中要注意书面语和书面句子结构的同意运用。表达能力偏低的主要表现是口语体的表达方式过多,句子结构也比较单一。作文要求使用书面语,及准确地使用较多正式的词汇,同时句子结构也应长短结合。
为了使文章既有书面语体特点,从写作语体角度而言必须掌握相关连接词和连接成分,了解这些连接词与连接语的不同功能,它们有的用于承上启下,有的用于思想展开讨论,阐述理由。一言概之在文中运用这些成分能够使文章逻辑性很强、层次分明、条理清楚。一般把连接词与连接语分为以下三类:
1.表明事件发生的时间顺序:
then, first, at once, next, after that, previously, while, when, the following day, etc.
2.表明文章的组织结构:
(1)Listing: firstly, in the first place, secondly, thirdly, my next point is, last/finally, etc.
(2)Illustrating:for example/for instance,to illustrate, an example/ instance of this is, let’s take….., take…. for example, etc.
(3)Re-stating: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way, let me put it this way, or rather, namely, etc.
(4)Referring: in this respect, in that connection, as we said, apart from this, etc.
(5)Resuming: to resume, to return to the previous point, getting back to the argument, etc.
(6)Summarizing: to sum up, in short, it amounts to this, what I have been saying is this, etc.
(7)Emphasizing: it is worth noting, I would like to direct your attention to, let us consider, we must now turn to, I shall begin by, etc.
3.表明作者的观点、态度
(1)Introducing(or emphasizing)further evidence: moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more, as well, etc.
(2)Cause: because (of), since, owing to, on account of, due to, as a result of, etc.
(3)Effect: as a result, hence, therefore, consequently, thus, so, etc.
(4)Contrasting: in/by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, nevertheless, whereas, while, yet, however, but, etc.
(5)Comparison: in like manner, likewise, in the same way, similarly, in comparison with, etc.
(6)Purpose: to this end, for this purpose, with this in mind, in order to, so that, etc.
(7)Intensification: indeed, in fact, in any event/case, at no time, to tell the truth, etc
除了平时大量语言的积累外,考生在写作文的时候一定要抓紧时间。建议在草稿纸上列个outline(框架/提纲),即每段的开头句、中心句、支持句、甚至是结尾句,然后直接在答题纸上书写,按照outline写,边写边想,边想边修改,边修改边写。把握不准的单词建议先在草稿纸上写写拼拼,再往答题纸上写。注意书写规范和整洁。作文是一种对考生语言表达能力的考试,是一种直接考试。在作文题目所要求的内容是考生比较熟悉的话题的前提下,作文对考生书面综合运用语言能力的测量最准确、效度最高。作文作為一种主观题型,较难进行应试培训,主要靠平时踏踏实实的知识积累和能力的培养,通过阅读、欣赏、模仿等具体手段训练出来的。写作方面的很多策略和实用技巧,需要考生舍得花时间,花精力,花心思去挖掘,去发现,去实践。
参考文献
1 李 玮、陈荣编著.大学英语四级写作.北京大学出版社,2006
2 董 明.大学英语四级写作.浙江工商大学出版社,2008
3 祝 良.大学英语四级写作指南.世界图书出版社,2006
【关键词】四级考试 写作 分析 结构
【中图分类号】G642【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1006-9682(2009)09-0077-02
大学英语四级考试的考试大纲是根据《大学英语教学大纲》制定的,考试大纲对所考英语语言分别进行了量化描述,并附有样卷。大学英语四级考试以此为命题依据。考试大纲对大学英语四级写作的要求如下:写作(PartⅠ:Writing):共1题,考试时间30分钟。要求学生写出一篇不少于120词的短文。试卷上可能给出题目,或规定情景,或要求看图作文,或给出段首句要求续写,或给出关键词要求写成短文。要求能够正确表达思想,意义连贯,无重大语言错误。写作内容:日常生活和一般常识。写作目的:测试学生运用英语思维进行书面表达的初步能力。
英文写作对于中国学生来说是一大薄弱环节。由于没有系统的课堂训练,又无实际的应用环境,绝大多数人不知道如何去写一篇好作文。全国大学英语四级统考要求考生在30分钟之内写出一篇至少120字以上的满分为15分的命题作文。并且明确规定,不能放弃不写,如果低于6分,则影响其整个试卷的成绩。学生必须掌握基本的写作技巧,例如,如何选词、如何组句、如何成段等,要了解各种不同类型的作文题目及其对策。四级考试作文题往往有很大的惯性。因此,复习历年真题在准备四级考试中具有很大重要性。而相对固定的校园话题,也让备考相对容易一些。
以本次考试作文为例,笔者从几篇例文中选择了一篇来加以分析。
Nowadays many college students prefer to have electives in their spare time because the courses can offer a variety of skills and abundant knowledge apart from what they learn in the daily courses. There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.
To start with, many students want to get another degree besides their own, so that they can have more competence when they seek a job. Furthermore, as for me, I don’t care about degree or job, I just want to obtain some necessary skills to make my college life worthwhile. What I’m concerned most is how to own more skills that may be necessary for my future. Finally, some students want to learn anything that is different from what they are learning now. The science students, for example, want to know about Shakespeare while the art students want to tell how a vehicle works and how to deal with it when it breaks down. So, they can all get what they think is useful to their college life.
On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of multi-dem and of the employment market. There is still a long way for us to improve the elective itself, but as a student myself, I find it rewarding and interesting.
这篇三段式作文。第一段为引言部分,主要引出文章的话题或要讨论的主题(topic),并在段尾写出文章中心思想句(thesis statement)。第二段为全文的核心部分(main body),阐述第一段提出的中心思想,因此既有主题句(topic sentence)又有闡述理由的句子(supporting sentence)。第三段为结尾部分(conclusion),对全文进行归纳和总结。
该篇作文比较突出优点和特色表现在结构紧凑,条理清楚,层次分明,有很强的逻辑顺序感;没有语言错误和表达能力较强。所以从写作策略上来说,学生要在高中至大一期间牢固掌握基础语法知识,从根本上避免发生语言错误,熟练运用语法结构和要点,避免扣分争取高分。
同时,要牢牢把握写作的核心元素——词汇。要从词性、词义、语境、近义辨析诸方面来掌握重点词汇,以课文为范本学习运用词汇,力求做到运用娴熟,用词准确、地道;特别值得注意的是,在写作中要注意书面语和书面句子结构的同意运用。表达能力偏低的主要表现是口语体的表达方式过多,句子结构也比较单一。作文要求使用书面语,及准确地使用较多正式的词汇,同时句子结构也应长短结合。
为了使文章既有书面语体特点,从写作语体角度而言必须掌握相关连接词和连接成分,了解这些连接词与连接语的不同功能,它们有的用于承上启下,有的用于思想展开讨论,阐述理由。一言概之在文中运用这些成分能够使文章逻辑性很强、层次分明、条理清楚。一般把连接词与连接语分为以下三类:
1.表明事件发生的时间顺序:
then, first, at once, next, after that, previously, while, when, the following day, etc.
2.表明文章的组织结构:
(1)Listing: firstly, in the first place, secondly, thirdly, my next point is, last/finally, etc.
(2)Illustrating:for example/for instance,to illustrate, an example/ instance of this is, let’s take….., take…. for example, etc.
(3)Re-stating: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way, let me put it this way, or rather, namely, etc.
(4)Referring: in this respect, in that connection, as we said, apart from this, etc.
(5)Resuming: to resume, to return to the previous point, getting back to the argument, etc.
(6)Summarizing: to sum up, in short, it amounts to this, what I have been saying is this, etc.
(7)Emphasizing: it is worth noting, I would like to direct your attention to, let us consider, we must now turn to, I shall begin by, etc.
3.表明作者的观点、态度
(1)Introducing(or emphasizing)further evidence: moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more, as well, etc.
(2)Cause: because (of), since, owing to, on account of, due to, as a result of, etc.
(3)Effect: as a result, hence, therefore, consequently, thus, so, etc.
(4)Contrasting: in/by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, nevertheless, whereas, while, yet, however, but, etc.
(5)Comparison: in like manner, likewise, in the same way, similarly, in comparison with, etc.
(6)Purpose: to this end, for this purpose, with this in mind, in order to, so that, etc.
(7)Intensification: indeed, in fact, in any event/case, at no time, to tell the truth, etc
除了平时大量语言的积累外,考生在写作文的时候一定要抓紧时间。建议在草稿纸上列个outline(框架/提纲),即每段的开头句、中心句、支持句、甚至是结尾句,然后直接在答题纸上书写,按照outline写,边写边想,边想边修改,边修改边写。把握不准的单词建议先在草稿纸上写写拼拼,再往答题纸上写。注意书写规范和整洁。作文是一种对考生语言表达能力的考试,是一种直接考试。在作文题目所要求的内容是考生比较熟悉的话题的前提下,作文对考生书面综合运用语言能力的测量最准确、效度最高。作文作為一种主观题型,较难进行应试培训,主要靠平时踏踏实实的知识积累和能力的培养,通过阅读、欣赏、模仿等具体手段训练出来的。写作方面的很多策略和实用技巧,需要考生舍得花时间,花精力,花心思去挖掘,去发现,去实践。
参考文献
1 李 玮、陈荣编著.大学英语四级写作.北京大学出版社,2006
2 董 明.大学英语四级写作.浙江工商大学出版社,2008
3 祝 良.大学英语四级写作指南.世界图书出版社,2006