小分子RNA（miRNAs）是一类在转录后水平调控基因表达的小分子非编码RNA。它们具有进化保守性、组织细胞特异性和核酸杂交高度特异性。miRNAs在心肌细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡、心脏神经嵴细胞的迁移、心脏形态发生和心脏图式发育等诸多过程中扮演着重要角色，可为先天性心脏病发生机制的阐明提供一种全新的视角。miRNAs在先天性心脏病发生机制中的研究可分为临床研究和动物研究两类，该文就这两类研究的研究进展及其研究结论对先天性心脏病机制的阐释以及目前国内研究的现状和局限等方面进行综述。“,”MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs, which mainly regulate gene expression through post-transcriptional process. They are highly conserved, tissue-speciifc and highly speciifc in miRNA-binding on 3’-untranslated regions. MicroRNAs have been identified as crucial regulators in myocardial cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, migration of cardiac neural crest cells, cardiac morphogenesis and cardiac patterning processes, which may provide a new insight into the research on developmental mechanism of congenital heart diseases. The research on miRNAs in congenital heart diseases includes clinical research and animal experiments. This article reviews two types of research advances, the mechanism of congenital heart diseases, and the current status and limitation of the domestic reports.