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[摘 要] 目的:探讨超声引导下经皮介入治疗肝脓肿疗效。方法:对2014年6月—2015年10月期间我院收治的56例肝脓肿患者资料进行回顾性分析,根据治疗方式不同分为介入组(26例)和手术组(30例)。介入组超声引导下介入治疗,手术组行开腹手术脓肿切开引流术,比较2组并发症发生情况。结果:介入组术后体温恢复正常时间、WBC恢复正常时间、住院时间、住院费用明显低于手术组,差异有统计学意义,2组引流管拔管时间差异无统计学意义;介入组患者临床治愈率略低于手术组(96.15% VS 100%),组间差异无统计学意义。介入组术后出血、感染、术后麻醉并发症等总并发症的发生率明显低于手术组(0 vs 33.3%),差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。结论:超声引导下经皮穿刺肝脓肿介入治疗,创伤小、恢复快、治愈率高、并发症少。
[关键词] 肝脓肿;超声引导;介入治疗
中图分类号:R453 文献标识码:B 文章编号:2095-5200(2016)03-011-03
[Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous treatment for liver abscess. Methods: The data of 56 cases of patients with liver abscess in our hospital from June 2014 to October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. According to treatment, the patients were divided into intervention group (26 cases) and surgical group (30 cases). Intervention group was treated by ultrasound-guided intervention, surgical group underwent laparotomy incision and drainage of abscess, and complications were compared between the two groups. Results: In intervention group, time for body temperature returned to normal, WBC recovery time, hospital stay, hospital costs, were all significantly lower than those of surgery group, the difference was statistically significant, the difference in time for drainage tube extubation between two groups was not statistically significant; the cure rate of patients in clinical intervention group is slightly lower than that of surgery group (96.15% vs 100%), there was no statistically significant difference between two groups. The incidence of surgical complications of bleeding, infection, anesthesia complications after operation in intervention group was significantly lower than those of surgical group (0 vs 33.3%), the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusions: There was smaller trauma, quicker recovery, higher cure rate and few complications in ultrasound-guided percutaneous interventional treatment of liver abscess.
[Key words] liver abscess; ultrasound-guided; interventional therapy
肝脓肿是肝脏继发感染性疾病,多由于细菌或阿米巴原虫感染,形成多发性小脓肿,进而融合成较大脓肿。肝脓肿的主要治疗方式有药物保守治疗、超声引导下介入治疗和外科手术治疗,保守治疗适用于小脓腔且耗时长,较大脓腔采用外科手术及超声介入疗效较为肯定 [1-2]。本研究对我院收治的56例肝脓肿患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,对外科及介入两种治疗方式的有效性和预后进行比较。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
回顾性分析2014年1月—2015年10月期间我院非保守治疗56例肝脓肿患者资料。所有患者均存在肝脓肿急性发作症状如肝区疼痛、发热、黄疸等,血常规检查白细胞增高,经腹部超声和CT检查确诊为肝脓肿。根据患者治疗方式分为介入组(超声引导下穿刺置管引流)和手术组(开腹行脓肿切开引流)。介入组26例,男14例,女12例,年龄50~65岁,平均年龄(57.3±6.2)岁,左侧肝脏单发者6例,右侧肝脏单发者18例,左右同时发病者2例,肝脓肿平均直径为(7.9±1.6)cm。手术组30例,男18例,女12例,年龄51~67岁,平均年龄(59.5±7.5)岁,左侧肝脏单发者10例,右侧肝脏单发者16例,左右肝脏同时发病者4例,肝脓肿的平均直径为(7.6±1.7)cm。排除标准术前肝功能评级C级;凝血功能异常;患有严重心血管、肺部疾病不能耐受手术者。 1.2 治疗方法
2组患者术前行常规检查。介入组在超声扫描确定脓肿穿刺点和穿刺途径,1.5% 利多卡因沿穿刺道逐层局部浸润麻醉,在超声引导下向肝脓肿的中心部位刺入穿刺针,当回抽到脓液时固定穿刺针与患者皮肤的接触部位,防止穿刺过深,抽出脓液并使用甲硝唑和生理盐水不断冲洗脓肿腔至冲洗液澄清后放置引流管引流并包扎。手术组常规消毒铺巾、剖腹找到病灶后抽吸脓液、腹腔冲洗并放置引流管引流。所有患者均口服甲硝唑,每日2次,每次400~800mg;静脉滴注庆大霉素16万U,每日1次;静脉滴注头孢拉定5g,每日1次。3种药物均连续用药1周以上。谷胱甘肽、维生素等护肝,给予高热量、高蛋白肠内营养物质加强营养,维持水、电解质平衡稳定。
1.3 观察指标
记录2组患者性别、年龄、肝脓肿大小、术后体温恢复正常时间、WBC恢复正常时间、引流管拔管时间、住院时间、住院费用,统计2组疗效和并发症发生情况。患者疼痛、发热、黄疸等临床症状基本消失、体温恢复正常且腹部超声或CT显示脓肿腔基本消失判定为临床治愈。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS13.0的统计软件进行统计分析,符合正态分布的数据采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,偏态分布的数据采用四分位数表示。计量资料t检验,计数资料χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
所有手术均顺利完成,2组患者性别、年龄、肝脓肿大小差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.1 2组术后指标及住院时间及费用比较
表1可见介入组患者术后体温恢复正常时间、WBC恢复正常时间、住院时间明显低于手术组且介入组患者的住院费用也明显低于手术组,差异有统计学意义,2组患者引流管拔管时间相比差异无统计学意义。
2.2 2组疗效及并发症比较
介入组与手术组临床治愈率为(96.15% VS 100%),介入组略低,但组间比较差异无统计学意义。介入组术后出血、感染、术后麻醉并发症等总并发症的发生率明显低于手术组(0% vs 33.3%),差异有统计学意义。
3 讨论
肝脓肿可分为细菌性及阿米巴性两类,当脓肿形成后,脓腔内大量细菌及毒素进入血液循环,引起全身性的脓毒血症,治疗不当会使肝脏脓肿的体积继续增大,引起邻近血管、胃肠道等器官的并发症,严重者将威胁到患者生命[3-4]。既往临床肝脓肿主要是内科药物治疗和外科手术治疗。内科药物治疗起效慢、治疗时间长、并发症多且控制感染的效果并不十分理想;外科手术治疗创伤大、费用高、患者术后恢复慢。随着医疗技术的发展,目前临床上肝脓肿的患者多采用超声或CT引导下经皮穿刺介入治疗方法[5-8]。
大量研究表明,超声引导下对肝脓肿进行穿刺、引流、置管具有创伤小、准确性高、可以重复操作的特点 [9-12]。超声引导下肝脓肿介入治疗常在局麻下进行,一次穿刺即可以完成抽脓、冲洗、注药、引流等多种操作,在穿刺抽出脓液同时,还可以向脓腔注入抗生素等药物,缩短患者治疗时间,大大提高治疗效果并且较少患者住院时间,减轻了患者负担[13];在超声引导下进行肝脓肿穿刺治疗,不仅可以减少盲目性,避免血管、肺、胃肠道等脏器的损伤,而且可以直接观察引流管位置是否正确,脓腔情况[14-15]。本研究中介入组术后出血、感染、术后麻醉并发症等总并发症的发生率也明显低于手术组,说明超声引导下经皮穿刺介入治疗安全有效性高,与Hsieh等[16]的研究结果一致。介入组术后体温恢复正常时间、WBC恢复正常时间、住院时间、住院费用明显低于手术组差异具有统计学差异,这是由于介入治疗属于微创手术,手术创伤小,患者恢复快,所以术后恢复时间、住院时间和费用也比手术组低。
介入治疗过程中需要注意操作者技术要熟练,避免脓液外渗入正常的肝脏组织;注意不同阶段的肝脓肿超声图像的不同表现,尤其应该注意不要误诊液化阶段肝脓肿;穿刺前详细告诉患者操作过程中的注意事项,操作轻柔,嘱患者浅慢呼吸配合操作;应避免对脓肿腔进行反复冲洗和负压引流,防止引流管堵塞、囊内出血;多发性的脓肿患者,在病情允许的情况下尽可能穿刺抽脓,缩短病程,先处理远场的再处理近场,以免出现气体干扰,必要时可反复操作;对液化不完全的患者诊断性抽脓,必要时肝活检处理,以免漏诊。
参 考 文 献
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[2] Brown DB, Gould JE, Gervais DA, et al. Transcatheter therapy for hepatic malignancy, standardization of terminology and reporting criteria[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009,20(7): s425-434.
[3] Gao J, Ke S, Ding XM et al. Radiofrequency ablation for large hepatic hemangiomas: initial experience and lesson[J]. Surgery. 2013,153(1):78-85.
[4] Lederman E R, Crum N F. Pyogenic liver abscess with a focus on Klebsiella pneumoniae as a primary pathogen: an emerging disease with unique clinical characteristics[J]. Am J Gas. 2005,100(2):322-331. [5] 陈汉威,唐郁宽,陈真真.肝脓肿的介入处理[J].广州医学院学报.2008;36(2):65-67.
[6] Fang C T, Lai S Y, Yi W C, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae genotype K1: an emerging pathogen that causes septic ocular or central nervous system complications from pyogenic liver abscess[J]. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(3):284-293.
[7] Chung D R, Lee S S, Lee H R, et al. Emerging invasive liver abscess caused by K1 serotype Klebsiella pneumoniae in Korea[J]. J Infect. 2007,54(6):578-583.
[8] Glinkova V, Shevah O, Boaz M et al. Hepatic hemangiomas: possible association with female sex hormones [J]. Gut. 2004,53:1352–1355.
[9] GEDALY R,POMPOSELLI JJ,POMFRET EA,et al. Cavernous hemangioma of the liver: anatomic resection vs. enucleatio [J]. Arch Surg. 1999,134 (4):407-411.
[10] Ma L C, Fang C T, Lee C Z, et al. Genomic heterogeneity in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains is associated with primary pyogenic liver abscess and metastatic infection[J]. J Infect Dis. 2005,192(1): 117-128.
[11] Joseph W L, Kahn A M, Longmire W P. Pyogenic liver abscess: changing patterns in approach[J]. Am J Surg. 1968,115(1): 63-68.
[12] 张桂霞,侯建华,张红秋等.超声介入治疗肝脓肿的临床价值[C].//第十届全国超声医学学术会议论文集.2008:248-249.
[13] Zerem E, Hadzic A. Sonographically guided percutaneous catheter drainage versus needle aspiration in the management of pyogenic liver abscess[J]. Am J Roentgenol. 2007,189(3): W138-W142.
[14] Chou F F, Sheen-Chen S M, Chen Y S, et al. The comparison of clinical course and results of treatment between gas-forming and non–gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess[J]. Arch Surg. 1995,130(4): 401-405.
[15] Lee H L, Lee H C, Guo H R, et al. Clinical significance and mechanism of gas formation of pyogenic liver abscess due to Klebsiella pneumoniae[J]. J clinl microbiol. 2004,42(6): 2783-2785.
[16] Hsieh P F, Lin T L, Lee C Z, et al. Serum-induced iron-acquisition systems and TonB contribute to virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae causing primary pyogenic liver abscess[J]. J Infect Dis. 2008,197(12): 1717-1727.
[关键词] 肝脓肿;超声引导;介入治疗
中图分类号:R453 文献标识码:B 文章编号:2095-5200(2016)03-011-03
[Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous treatment for liver abscess. Methods: The data of 56 cases of patients with liver abscess in our hospital from June 2014 to October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. According to treatment, the patients were divided into intervention group (26 cases) and surgical group (30 cases). Intervention group was treated by ultrasound-guided intervention, surgical group underwent laparotomy incision and drainage of abscess, and complications were compared between the two groups. Results: In intervention group, time for body temperature returned to normal, WBC recovery time, hospital stay, hospital costs, were all significantly lower than those of surgery group, the difference was statistically significant, the difference in time for drainage tube extubation between two groups was not statistically significant; the cure rate of patients in clinical intervention group is slightly lower than that of surgery group (96.15% vs 100%), there was no statistically significant difference between two groups. The incidence of surgical complications of bleeding, infection, anesthesia complications after operation in intervention group was significantly lower than those of surgical group (0 vs 33.3%), the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusions: There was smaller trauma, quicker recovery, higher cure rate and few complications in ultrasound-guided percutaneous interventional treatment of liver abscess.
[Key words] liver abscess; ultrasound-guided; interventional therapy
肝脓肿是肝脏继发感染性疾病,多由于细菌或阿米巴原虫感染,形成多发性小脓肿,进而融合成较大脓肿。肝脓肿的主要治疗方式有药物保守治疗、超声引导下介入治疗和外科手术治疗,保守治疗适用于小脓腔且耗时长,较大脓腔采用外科手术及超声介入疗效较为肯定 [1-2]。本研究对我院收治的56例肝脓肿患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,对外科及介入两种治疗方式的有效性和预后进行比较。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
回顾性分析2014年1月—2015年10月期间我院非保守治疗56例肝脓肿患者资料。所有患者均存在肝脓肿急性发作症状如肝区疼痛、发热、黄疸等,血常规检查白细胞增高,经腹部超声和CT检查确诊为肝脓肿。根据患者治疗方式分为介入组(超声引导下穿刺置管引流)和手术组(开腹行脓肿切开引流)。介入组26例,男14例,女12例,年龄50~65岁,平均年龄(57.3±6.2)岁,左侧肝脏单发者6例,右侧肝脏单发者18例,左右同时发病者2例,肝脓肿平均直径为(7.9±1.6)cm。手术组30例,男18例,女12例,年龄51~67岁,平均年龄(59.5±7.5)岁,左侧肝脏单发者10例,右侧肝脏单发者16例,左右肝脏同时发病者4例,肝脓肿的平均直径为(7.6±1.7)cm。排除标准术前肝功能评级C级;凝血功能异常;患有严重心血管、肺部疾病不能耐受手术者。 1.2 治疗方法
2组患者术前行常规检查。介入组在超声扫描确定脓肿穿刺点和穿刺途径,1.5% 利多卡因沿穿刺道逐层局部浸润麻醉,在超声引导下向肝脓肿的中心部位刺入穿刺针,当回抽到脓液时固定穿刺针与患者皮肤的接触部位,防止穿刺过深,抽出脓液并使用甲硝唑和生理盐水不断冲洗脓肿腔至冲洗液澄清后放置引流管引流并包扎。手术组常规消毒铺巾、剖腹找到病灶后抽吸脓液、腹腔冲洗并放置引流管引流。所有患者均口服甲硝唑,每日2次,每次400~800mg;静脉滴注庆大霉素16万U,每日1次;静脉滴注头孢拉定5g,每日1次。3种药物均连续用药1周以上。谷胱甘肽、维生素等护肝,给予高热量、高蛋白肠内营养物质加强营养,维持水、电解质平衡稳定。
1.3 观察指标
记录2组患者性别、年龄、肝脓肿大小、术后体温恢复正常时间、WBC恢复正常时间、引流管拔管时间、住院时间、住院费用,统计2组疗效和并发症发生情况。患者疼痛、发热、黄疸等临床症状基本消失、体温恢复正常且腹部超声或CT显示脓肿腔基本消失判定为临床治愈。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS13.0的统计软件进行统计分析,符合正态分布的数据采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,偏态分布的数据采用四分位数表示。计量资料t检验,计数资料χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
所有手术均顺利完成,2组患者性别、年龄、肝脓肿大小差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.1 2组术后指标及住院时间及费用比较
表1可见介入组患者术后体温恢复正常时间、WBC恢复正常时间、住院时间明显低于手术组且介入组患者的住院费用也明显低于手术组,差异有统计学意义,2组患者引流管拔管时间相比差异无统计学意义。
2.2 2组疗效及并发症比较
介入组与手术组临床治愈率为(96.15% VS 100%),介入组略低,但组间比较差异无统计学意义。介入组术后出血、感染、术后麻醉并发症等总并发症的发生率明显低于手术组(0% vs 33.3%),差异有统计学意义。
3 讨论
肝脓肿可分为细菌性及阿米巴性两类,当脓肿形成后,脓腔内大量细菌及毒素进入血液循环,引起全身性的脓毒血症,治疗不当会使肝脏脓肿的体积继续增大,引起邻近血管、胃肠道等器官的并发症,严重者将威胁到患者生命[3-4]。既往临床肝脓肿主要是内科药物治疗和外科手术治疗。内科药物治疗起效慢、治疗时间长、并发症多且控制感染的效果并不十分理想;外科手术治疗创伤大、费用高、患者术后恢复慢。随着医疗技术的发展,目前临床上肝脓肿的患者多采用超声或CT引导下经皮穿刺介入治疗方法[5-8]。
大量研究表明,超声引导下对肝脓肿进行穿刺、引流、置管具有创伤小、准确性高、可以重复操作的特点 [9-12]。超声引导下肝脓肿介入治疗常在局麻下进行,一次穿刺即可以完成抽脓、冲洗、注药、引流等多种操作,在穿刺抽出脓液同时,还可以向脓腔注入抗生素等药物,缩短患者治疗时间,大大提高治疗效果并且较少患者住院时间,减轻了患者负担[13];在超声引导下进行肝脓肿穿刺治疗,不仅可以减少盲目性,避免血管、肺、胃肠道等脏器的损伤,而且可以直接观察引流管位置是否正确,脓腔情况[14-15]。本研究中介入组术后出血、感染、术后麻醉并发症等总并发症的发生率也明显低于手术组,说明超声引导下经皮穿刺介入治疗安全有效性高,与Hsieh等[16]的研究结果一致。介入组术后体温恢复正常时间、WBC恢复正常时间、住院时间、住院费用明显低于手术组差异具有统计学差异,这是由于介入治疗属于微创手术,手术创伤小,患者恢复快,所以术后恢复时间、住院时间和费用也比手术组低。
介入治疗过程中需要注意操作者技术要熟练,避免脓液外渗入正常的肝脏组织;注意不同阶段的肝脓肿超声图像的不同表现,尤其应该注意不要误诊液化阶段肝脓肿;穿刺前详细告诉患者操作过程中的注意事项,操作轻柔,嘱患者浅慢呼吸配合操作;应避免对脓肿腔进行反复冲洗和负压引流,防止引流管堵塞、囊内出血;多发性的脓肿患者,在病情允许的情况下尽可能穿刺抽脓,缩短病程,先处理远场的再处理近场,以免出现气体干扰,必要时可反复操作;对液化不完全的患者诊断性抽脓,必要时肝活检处理,以免漏诊。
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