张作霖在称霸东北期间,对日外交呈现出互为利用特点。他既想得到日本的实力支持,又怕背上“卖国”的骂名,于是采取了对日“两面派”外交,主要表现在:对袁世凯签定的“二十一条”始终持抵制态度;打算以欧美势力钳制日本,表现出摆脱日本控制的自主欲望,最终导致利用与反利用的矛盾激化。张作霖的“两面派”外交的结果,既维护了奉系军阀本身的利益,也在一定程度上捍卫了民族利益和国家主权。 Zhang Zuolin dominated the northeast during the diplomacy to Japan showed mutual utilization characteristics. He wanted to get Japan’s strength and support and be afraid of being infamously accused of being a “traitorous country.” Therefore, he took the diplomatic stance toward Japan and “both sides” mainly in the “twenty-one” terms signed by Yuan Shikai Holding a boycott; and intending to clamp down Japan with the forces of Europe and the United States and demonstrate its own desire to get out of Japanese control, eventually leading to the intensification of conflicts between utilization and anti-utilization. Zhang Zuolin’s “bipartisan” diplomatic outcome not only safeguarded the interests of Fengxian warlords but also defended the national interests and state sovereignty to a certain extent.