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在德日犯罪论体系中,构成要件的内容经历了不断扩展的过程。从客观叙述性的构成要件,到主观规范性的构成要件,再到把故意过失纳入构成要件,最后到归责性的构成要件。构成要件内容不断扩展的背后动因是构成要件的功能从“指导形象”向“犯罪类型”的演进。构成要件是犯罪类型,即违法责任类型,它最根本的要素特征在于类型性,能够体现具体犯罪行为的违法与责任。构成要件要素应该是事实性要素,而不是价值性要素;是积极性要素,而不是消极性要素。为了更有效地发挥构成要件的犯罪类型功能,罪责能力、违法性认识和责任故意过失等要素不应是责任阻却事由而应是责任推定要素,应该纳入构成要件中。厘清构成要件内部主观要素与客观要素、违法要素与责任要素之间的关系将会成为德日犯罪论体系中最紧迫的任务。
In the German-Japanese crime theory system, the contents of the constitutional requirements have undergone an ever-expanding process. From objective narrative elements, to subjective normative elements, and then to intentional negligence into the constituent elements, and finally to the constituent elements of blame. The driving force behind the continuous expansion of the constituent elements is the evolution of the functions of the constituent elements from “guiding image ” to “criminal type ”. Constituent elements are the types of crimes, that is, the types of violations of law. The most fundamental feature of these elements is the typological nature, which can reflect the violations and liabilities of specific criminal acts. Constituent requirements elements should be factual elements, rather than value elements; is a positive factor, rather than a negative factor. In order to give full play to the criminal type functions of the constituent elements, the elements of culpability, illegality and intentional negligence should not be the factors which obstruct liability but should be the presumption of responsibility, which should be included in the constitutional requirements. To clarify the relationship between the subjective elements and the objective elements, the elements of illicit elements and the elements of responsibility in constitutional elements will become the most urgent task in the system of criminal theory in Germany and Japan.