蘇聯優越的數學傳統是由來已久的。例如俄羅斯羅巴契夫斯基的非歐幾何學和契比雪夫(Tschebyschef)質數分佈論的研究全是舉世公認為世界數學史上最光輝的一頁。談到質數分佈的研究,原是數論上最饒興趣而又十分艱難的主題之一。勒向特兒(Legendre)和高斯曾經由實驗觀察到:不超過x的質數個數π(x)是漸近於x/logx的一個函數,即 (1)或π(x)～x/logx,(x→∞)。但這個經驗的事實,高斯,勒向特兒等均未能找出證明,甚至連初步的結果也沒有獲得。直到契比雪夫出來才證明了π(x)是與x/logx同階的函數,即存在著二正常數α,β使對於一切充分大的x常有 The Soviet Union has a long history of superior mathematical traditions. For example, the non-European geometry of Russian Lobachevsky and the study of Tschebyschef’s prime distribution theory are all the world’s most celebrated pages in the history of mathematics. When it comes to the study of the distribution of prime numbers, it is one of the most interesting and difficult topics in number theory. Legendre and Gauss have observed experimentally that the number of primes 不(x) not exceeding x is a function asymptotic to x/logx, ie, (1) or π(x)～x/logx, (x→∞). However, the facts of this experience, Gaussian, Lezimmer, etc. failed to find proof, and even the preliminary results were not obtained. It was not until Chebyshev came out that it proved that π(x) is a function of the same order as x/logx, that is, there are two normal numbers α, β which makes it common to all sufficiently large x