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1840年,英国用大炮轰开了中国古老的大门,道光皇帝被迫允签了《南京条约》,可是清朝统治者长期形成的“华夷之辨”、“夷夏之防”等闭关观念并未随之放弃。道光之子咸丰登极不久就宣布,“中外大臣非派令兼办夷务,本无外交之义”,显示出他严守旧制的态度。然而咸丰皇帝死后不久,清政府就一反惯例,实行了“借师助剿”。“借师助剿”表明清统治集团传统闭关观念和统治政策的重大改变。清统治者是如何从“华夷之辨”转为“借师助剿”的?无疑是与咸丰时期统治集团中分化出来的妥协派有关。由于在妥协派如何形成的问题上,史学界尚未见完整的研究成果问世,故本文将就此问题进行一些探讨。
In 1840, the United Kingdom used cannon to open the ancient gate to China. Daoguang Emperor was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanking. However, the long-established rulers of Qing dynasty established the concept of “separation of Huayi” and “defense of Yi Xia” Did not give up. The son of Daoguang Xianfeng announced very shortly that “he and his foreign ministers who neither sent orders nor ordered them to do anything but diplomacy” showed his strict adherence to the old system. However, soon after the death of Emperor Xianfeng, the Qing government implemented a practice of “using teachers to help suppress”. “Borrowing aid against teachers” shows the significant change in the traditional concept of retreat and rule by the ruling circles of the Qing Dynasty. How did the ruler switch from “distinguishing Hua Yi” to “borrowing aid from the teacher”? It is undoubtedly related to the compromise that has been differentiated from the ruling clique in the Xianfeng period. Due to the formation of the compromise on the issue, the history of science has not yet seen the complete research results come out, so this article will conduct some discussion on this issue.