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我国现行《宪法》第47条是学术自由的规范依据,前一句话保障了作为消极权利的学术自由,后一句话是其积极权利性质的表述。学术自由首先是一种消极权利,对“学术”一词进行法学上的解释可以划定它的保护范围。宪法对学术自由给予了立法拘束型保障,但法律可以以基本权利的内外在制约为由对其进行限制。学术自由条款同样赋予了国家积极作为的义务,要求国家扶持学术事业的发展。这种积极权利是一种抽象的法律权利,它对国家提出了最低限度的作为义务要求。国家对学术活动的差别性扶持政策并不构成对学术自由的间接性制约,但会引起平等问题。为解决学术共同体的内部冲突,国家基于基本权利保护义务理论应当采取措施确保学术世界内部结构的合理化。
Article 47 of the current Constitution of our country is the standard basis of academic freedom. The first sentence guarantees the academic freedom as a negative right. The latter sentence is an expression of the positive rights. Academic freedom is first and foremost a negative right, and the legal interpretation of the word “scholarly” delimits its scope of protection. The Constitution has given legislative restrictions to the protection of academic freedom, but the law can restrict it based on internal and external constraints on the basic rights. The terms of academic freedom also give the state an active obligation to require the state to support the development of academic undertakings. This positive right is an abstract legal right that imposes a minimum requirement on the state as a duty of obligation. Differentiation of state support for academic activities policy does not constitute an indirect constraint on academic freedom, but will cause equality issues. In order to solve the internal conflicts of the academic community, the state should take measures to ensure the rationalization of the internal structure of the academic world based on the theory of the obligation to protect basic rights.