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MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a key role in the molecular regulation of neurological diseases, and the molecular mechanism of miRNA is closely related to the occurrence and development of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Recently, it has been reported that various miRNA molecules can inhibit target mRNA and even degrade target mRNA by changing the complete complementary or incomplete complementary binding to the target mRNA. Therefore, miRNA is of great significance for the study of mRNA related to hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. This article briefly reviews the molecular mechanisms, functions and regulation of miRNAs on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.