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以北京市顺义区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作和露地蔬菜两种作物生产体系为对象,采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,综合考虑全球变暖、环境酸化、水体富营养化、土壤毒性、能源消耗和淡水资源消耗6种环境影响类型,分别以年产1t作物产品干物质和种植1hm2作物为评价功能单元,系统研究了施肥的资源环境影响潜力。结果表明:对于大田作物和露地蔬菜生产系统,年产1t产品(干物质)施肥的综合环境影响指数分别为0.46和2.11,种植1hm2作物施肥的综合环境影响指数则分别为4.74和26.77;农田种植环节环境影响潜力的贡献分别占大田作物和露地蔬菜整个生命周期环境影响潜值的95.1%和99.1%,远远大于肥料生产环节;大田作物和露地蔬菜生产过程中的环境影响潜力均表现为水体富营养化>环境酸化>全球变暖>淡水资源消耗>能源消耗>土壤毒性;肥料氨挥发是引起水体富营养化和环境酸化的主要途径,硝态氮和总磷的淋洗径流损失也是水体富营养化的主要来源。优化施肥量是控制作物生产施肥潜在环境影响的关键。
Taking the production system of winter wheat-summer maize rotation and open-field vegetables in Shunyi District of Beijing as the object, using the method of life cycle assessment (LCA), taking global warming, environmental acidification, eutrophication, soil toxicity, energy consumption and Fresh water resources consume six kinds of environmental impact types, respectively, with the annual output of 1t dry matter of crop products and the planting of 1hm2 crops as functional units, the systematic study of fertilization resource environmental potential. The results showed that for the field crops and open-field vegetable production systems, the comprehensive environmental impact indexes of fertilizers with an annual output of 1t of products (dry matter) were 0.46 and 2.11, respectively, while the comprehensive environmental impact indices of fertilizing 1hm2 crops were 4.74 and 26.77 respectively. The contribution of the potential environmental impacts of the linkages accounted for 95.1% and 99.1% of the environmental impact potential values of the field crops and the open-air vegetables, respectively, much larger than that of the fertilizer production. The potential environmental impacts of field crops and open-field vegetables were all water bodies Eutrophication> Environmental acidification> Global warming> Freshwater resource consumption> Energy consumption> Soil toxicity; Ammonia volatilization of fertilizers is the main pathway leading to eutrophication and acidification of water bodies. The runoff loss of nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus is also water The main source of eutrophication. Optimizing fertilization is the key to controlling the potential environmental impact of fertilization on crop production.