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推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一，也是考生失分率较高的题型。推理判断题要求考生不仅要读懂句子的字面含义，而且要理解其深层含义，也就是理解作者的言外之意(read between lines)，并能够根据证据(evidence)或事实(fact)进行判断、分析和推理，从而得出结论。因此，在文章中快速准确地寻找到用以判断推理的证据就非常重要。下面笔者谈一谈推理判断题的设计特点和解题技巧。
一、推理判断题的设计特点
1. 推理判断题的题干形式。
推理判断题的题干中常有infer, imply, suggest等标志性的单词，由此可判断，此类试题属于推理判断题。常见的题干设题形式如下：
⑴ What can be inferred about ... in the passage?
⑵ The last sentence “...” implies that ________.
⑶ What Mr. Smith said suggests that ________.
2. 推理判断题的选项特点。
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，而不是文章中的具体事实。因此，干扰项具有以下特征：
（1）似是而非：这类干扰项是对文章信息的简单陈述，而不是依据事实得出的结论。这种选项对考生的干扰性极大，表面上看起来很正确，符合原文的意思，极容易迷惑考生。
（2）夸大事实：对文章的事实或证据进行夸大。
（3）推理过度：这类选项往往过于绝对化，有时会出现only, all等词语，所作出的结论不符合逻辑。
（4）掺入常识：按常识来讲是正确的，但不是根据文章中的证据推断出来的结论。
[2010江西卷E篇第3段]Not that we don’t thave other powers of communication. Our facial expressions convey our emotions, such as anger, or joy or disappointment. The way we hold our heads can indicate to others whether we are happy or sad. This is so-called “body language”. Bristling(直立的)fur is an unmistakable warning of attack among many animals. Similarly, the bowed bead or drooping tail shows a readiness to take second place in any animal gathering.
What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
A. Body language is unique to humans.
B. Animals express emotions just as humans do.
C. Humans have other powers of communication.
D. Humans are no different from animals to some degree.
解析：根据这一段的主要信息去推断。这一段谈到人通过身体语言(body language)表达喜怒哀乐，动物的毛发竖立是发出攻击的准确无误的信号，在动物相聚时，低垂着头或夹着尾巴表示“屈从”。这些事实说明，人和动物在某种程度是没有什么不同的，因此正确答案为D。选项A夸大事实，不能说身体语言是人类独有的，动物也有身体语言；选项B推理过度，动物就像人一样表达情感这个结论显然推理过度了。选项C似是而非，它只是对这一段的第一句话的简单陈述，而不是依据文章的事实作出的推断。
二、推理判断题的解题思路
1. 根据主旨大意去推断。
有的推理判断题并不是根据文章中的某一句就可以得出结论，而是在准确理解文章的主旨大意的基础上才可以作出正确的结论。例如：
[2010辽宁卷A篇]It was a village in India. The people were poor. However，they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries.
Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frogs’ legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.
This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them. Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn’t last long.
The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying was that the children fell ill more often, and, there seemed to be more insects around lately.
The villagers decided that they couldn’t just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak. They would have to use the money earned to buy pesticides(杀虫剂) and medicines. Soon there was no money left.
Then the people realized what was happening. It was the frog. They hadn’t been useless. They had been doing an important job---eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases.
Now, the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning.
What can we infer from the last sentence of the text?
A. Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country.
B. Health is more important than money.
C. The harmony between man and nature is important.
D. Good old day will never be forgotten.
解析：此题要求理解文章最后一句话的深层含义。考生应该根据文章的主旨大意去分析这句话的寓意。最后这句话对全文的主题起了画龙点睛的作用，进一步点明了全文的主题：人与大自然和谐相处是多么重要。全文主要讲述了印度的一个村庄的村民为了赚钱让孩子大肆捕捉青蛙，结果孩子生病、庄稼减产、害虫增多，遭到大自然报复的故事。这个故事说明了人类不能为了眼前的利益而破坏生态平衡，因此我们可以推断：人类和大自然和谐相处是多么重要。此题正确答案为C。
2. 利用逆向思维去推断。
逆向思维也叫求异思维，它是对司空见惯的似乎已成定论的事物或观点反过来思考的一种思维方式。做题时，我们应该根据文中的关键事实，敢于“反其道而思之”，让思维向对立的方向发展，从问题的相反面深入地进行探索，从而得到新的结论或作者的言外之意。例如：
[2010福建卷A篇]However, Fitzgerald’s problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing. During the 1920s he tried to reorder his life, but failed. By 1930, his wife had her first breakdown and went to a Swiss clinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The love of the Last Tycoon in 1940. While his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to alcohol. Sheila graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism.
We can infer from the passage that Fitzgerald _______.
A. had made some money when he met Zelda in Alabama
B. was well educated and well off before he served in the army
C. would have completed more works if his wife hadn’t broken down
D. helped his friend get rid of drinking while his wife was in hospital
解析：抓住文章的关键信息（证据）“Fitzgerald’s problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing” 以及“While his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to alcohol.”, 利用逆向思维，可以推断，假如Fitzgerald不是因为他妻子生病影响了他写作，他本来可以写出更多的文学作品。因此此题正确答案为C。
3. 利用正向思维去推断。
所谓正向思维，就是人们在创造性思维活动中，沿袭某些常规去分析问题，按事物发展的进程进行思考、推测，是一种从已知到未知的揭示事物本质的思维方法。做题时，我们可以根据文章的关键信息（事实），沿着作者原来的思路从正面去分析问题，从而得出新的结论。例如：
[2010广东卷C篇]When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganism. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.
…
It can be inferred from the passage that.
A. natural materials are safe in food processing
B. chemicals are needed in food processing
C. food poisoning can be kept under control
D. food poisoning is out of control
解析：抓住文中划线部分的关键信息：如果人们正确处理食物，那么食物中毒的危险就会很小。利用正向思维去分析、判断，我们可以得出结论：食物中毒是可控的。因此此题的正确答案为C。
责任编校蒋小青
一、推理判断题的设计特点
1. 推理判断题的题干形式。
推理判断题的题干中常有infer, imply, suggest等标志性的单词，由此可判断，此类试题属于推理判断题。常见的题干设题形式如下：
⑴ What can be inferred about ... in the passage?
⑵ The last sentence “...” implies that ________.
⑶ What Mr. Smith said suggests that ________.
2. 推理判断题的选项特点。
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，而不是文章中的具体事实。因此，干扰项具有以下特征：
（1）似是而非：这类干扰项是对文章信息的简单陈述，而不是依据事实得出的结论。这种选项对考生的干扰性极大，表面上看起来很正确，符合原文的意思，极容易迷惑考生。
（2）夸大事实：对文章的事实或证据进行夸大。
（3）推理过度：这类选项往往过于绝对化，有时会出现only, all等词语，所作出的结论不符合逻辑。
（4）掺入常识：按常识来讲是正确的，但不是根据文章中的证据推断出来的结论。
[2010江西卷E篇第3段]Not that we don’t thave other powers of communication. Our facial expressions convey our emotions, such as anger, or joy or disappointment. The way we hold our heads can indicate to others whether we are happy or sad. This is so-called “body language”. Bristling(直立的)fur is an unmistakable warning of attack among many animals. Similarly, the bowed bead or drooping tail shows a readiness to take second place in any animal gathering.
What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
A. Body language is unique to humans.
B. Animals express emotions just as humans do.
C. Humans have other powers of communication.
D. Humans are no different from animals to some degree.
解析：根据这一段的主要信息去推断。这一段谈到人通过身体语言(body language)表达喜怒哀乐，动物的毛发竖立是发出攻击的准确无误的信号，在动物相聚时，低垂着头或夹着尾巴表示“屈从”。这些事实说明，人和动物在某种程度是没有什么不同的，因此正确答案为D。选项A夸大事实，不能说身体语言是人类独有的，动物也有身体语言；选项B推理过度，动物就像人一样表达情感这个结论显然推理过度了。选项C似是而非，它只是对这一段的第一句话的简单陈述，而不是依据文章的事实作出的推断。
二、推理判断题的解题思路
1. 根据主旨大意去推断。
有的推理判断题并不是根据文章中的某一句就可以得出结论，而是在准确理解文章的主旨大意的基础上才可以作出正确的结论。例如：
[2010辽宁卷A篇]It was a village in India. The people were poor. However，they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries.
Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frogs’ legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.
This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them. Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn’t last long.
The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying was that the children fell ill more often, and, there seemed to be more insects around lately.
The villagers decided that they couldn’t just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak. They would have to use the money earned to buy pesticides(杀虫剂) and medicines. Soon there was no money left.
Then the people realized what was happening. It was the frog. They hadn’t been useless. They had been doing an important job---eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases.
Now, the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning.
What can we infer from the last sentence of the text?
A. Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country.
B. Health is more important than money.
C. The harmony between man and nature is important.
D. Good old day will never be forgotten.
解析：此题要求理解文章最后一句话的深层含义。考生应该根据文章的主旨大意去分析这句话的寓意。最后这句话对全文的主题起了画龙点睛的作用，进一步点明了全文的主题：人与大自然和谐相处是多么重要。全文主要讲述了印度的一个村庄的村民为了赚钱让孩子大肆捕捉青蛙，结果孩子生病、庄稼减产、害虫增多，遭到大自然报复的故事。这个故事说明了人类不能为了眼前的利益而破坏生态平衡，因此我们可以推断：人类和大自然和谐相处是多么重要。此题正确答案为C。
2. 利用逆向思维去推断。
逆向思维也叫求异思维，它是对司空见惯的似乎已成定论的事物或观点反过来思考的一种思维方式。做题时，我们应该根据文中的关键事实，敢于“反其道而思之”，让思维向对立的方向发展，从问题的相反面深入地进行探索，从而得到新的结论或作者的言外之意。例如：
[2010福建卷A篇]However, Fitzgerald’s problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing. During the 1920s he tried to reorder his life, but failed. By 1930, his wife had her first breakdown and went to a Swiss clinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The love of the Last Tycoon in 1940. While his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to alcohol. Sheila graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism.
We can infer from the passage that Fitzgerald _______.
A. had made some money when he met Zelda in Alabama
B. was well educated and well off before he served in the army
C. would have completed more works if his wife hadn’t broken down
D. helped his friend get rid of drinking while his wife was in hospital
解析：抓住文章的关键信息（证据）“Fitzgerald’s problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing” 以及“While his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to alcohol.”, 利用逆向思维，可以推断，假如Fitzgerald不是因为他妻子生病影响了他写作，他本来可以写出更多的文学作品。因此此题正确答案为C。
3. 利用正向思维去推断。
所谓正向思维，就是人们在创造性思维活动中，沿袭某些常规去分析问题，按事物发展的进程进行思考、推测，是一种从已知到未知的揭示事物本质的思维方法。做题时，我们可以根据文章的关键信息（事实），沿着作者原来的思路从正面去分析问题，从而得出新的结论。例如：
[2010广东卷C篇]When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganism. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.
…
It can be inferred from the passage that.
A. natural materials are safe in food processing
B. chemicals are needed in food processing
C. food poisoning can be kept under control
D. food poisoning is out of control
解析：抓住文中划线部分的关键信息：如果人们正确处理食物，那么食物中毒的危险就会很小。利用正向思维去分析、判断，我们可以得出结论：食物中毒是可控的。因此此题的正确答案为C。
责任编校蒋小青