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洪涝是一种危害较大的自然灾害,不仅对受灾群众的人身安全和物质财产造成威胁,而且对健康也造成了严重的危害。该文综述了近50年洪涝灾害的时空分布变化特征及与人类健康的关系,发现洪涝发生的年际变化和季节变化存在周期规律,且由于全球变暖的影响,地区分布也发生了改变。在对健康的影响方面,洪涝除使传染性疾病和心理疾病的发病率升高外,对慢性病也有影响。传染病的爆发性增长主要与当地的卫生条件有关,而慢性疾病和心理疾病增多主要与社会支持有关。为降低洪涝带来的损失,在洪涝易发地区建立早期预警系统,加强防洪减灾体系建设和基础卫生体系建设,灾后对暴露人群进行积极的心理疏导具有十分重要的意义。
Flooding is a kind of devastating natural disaster, which not only poses a threat to the personal safety and material property of the affected people, but also poses serious health hazards. This paper summarizes the spatial and temporal distribution of flood disasters in recent 50 years and its relationship with human health. It is found that the annual and seasonal variations of floods have periodic patterns, and the regional distribution has also changed due to the global warming. In terms of its impact on health, floods in addition to the increased incidence of infectious diseases and mental diseases also have an impact on chronic diseases. The explosive growth of infectious diseases is mainly related to local health conditions, while the increase in chronic and psychiatric diseases is mainly related to social support. In order to reduce the losses caused by floods, it is of great significance to establish early warning systems in areas prone to floods, enhance the construction of flood control and disaster reduction systems and the construction of basic health systems, and provide active psychological counseling to exposed populations after a disaster.