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制造活动的发展已从原始的手工制造发展成为机器制造(单机)、流水线制造进而进入了柔性制造系统时期并开始向高度自动化的未来工厂发展。自动制造系统是一个典型的分级递阶的智能控制系统。我们可以从系统的功能或从管理学的角度对系统进行不同的划分。Pun和Dougmeingts把系统划分为物理系统、信息系统与决策系统。Pun据此提出了GRAI(Graphs with Results and Activities Interrelated,结果与活动相关的图)。GRAI是适合于对制造系统进行管理、决策控制的概念模型方法。它已被ESPRIT—CIM小组采纳,并在许多国家的小型系统中应用并取得成功。 事实上,决策与控制是有相差别的一面的。我们可以把自动制造系统划分为决策系统、控制系统、信息系统与物理系统(如图1所示)。
Manufacturing activities have evolved from original hand-made manufacturing to machine building (stand-alone), and pipe manufacturing has moved into the flexible manufacturing system and started to develop into highly automated future plants. Automatic manufacturing system is a typical hierarchical control system. We can divide the system differently from the function of the system or from the perspective of management. Pun and Dougmeingts divide the system into physical systems, information systems and decision-making systems. Pun accordingly proposed the GRAI (Graphs with Results and Activities Interrelated, Results and Activities Related Diagrams). GRAI is a conceptual model approach that is suitable for managing and decision-making in manufacturing systems. It has been adopted by the ESPRIT-CIM team and has been applied and successful in small systems in many countries. In fact, there is a difference between decision-making and control. We can divide the automated manufacturing system into a decision system, a control system, an information system, and a physical system (as shown in Figure 1).