摘 要 目的:了解社區老年女性营养状况与亚洲人骨质疏松自我筛查工具(OSTA)指数的相关性。方法:以2018年6月15日-2019年7月31日自愿参加体检的上海江湾社区532名60岁及以上老年女性为研究对象,平均年龄为(70.34±5.14)岁,平均停经年龄为(50.13±3.93)岁。应用微型营养评估简表(MNA-SF)和OSTA进行调查。结果:经MNA-SF评估,营养正常者415例(78.0%)、营养不良风险者84例(15.8%)和营养不良者33例(6.2%)。营养不良风险组和营养不良组的OSTA评分低于营养正常组(P<0.05)。社区老年女性的营养状况与OSTA呈正相关(r=0.432,P=0.001);其中60~69岁组和70~79岁组的营养状况与OSTA风险分级的相关性有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:低营养状况老年女性的骨质疏松风险较高,应注意提高老年女性的营养状况。OSTA指数在反映老年女性营养状况方面具有一定的参考价值,
关键词 营养状况;老年女性;亚洲人骨质疏松自我筛查工具;微型营养评估简表;相关性
中图分类号:R681 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2021)18-0049-04
Study of the correlation between the nutritional status of elderly women in a community in Shanghai and the OSTA index
ZHENG Xi1, FANG Yuan1, LI Shumei2
(1. General Practice Department of Jiangwan Community Health Service Center of Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, China; 2. Endocrinology Department of Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200081, China)
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the correlation between the nutritional status of elderly women in the community and osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians(OSTA) index. Methods: Five hundred and thirty-two elderly women aged 60 and above who voluntarily participated in physical examination in Jiangwan Community of Shanghai from June 15, 2018 to July 31, 2019 were selected as the research objects, the average age was (70.34±5.14) years, and the average age at menopause was(50.13±3.93) years. The mini nutritional assessment short-form(MNA-SF) and the OSTA were used for the investigation. Results: According to MNA-SF assessment, 415 cases(78.0%) were normal nutrition, 84 cases(15.8%) were at risk of malnutrition, and 33 cases(6.2%) were malnourished. The OSTA score of malnutrition risk group and malnutrition group was lower than that of normal nutrition group(P<0.05). The nutritional status of elderly women in the community was positively correlated with OSTA(r=0.432, P=0.001); among them, the nutritional status of the 60-69-year-old group and the 70-79-year-old group had a statistically significant correlation with the OSTA risk classification(P<0.05). Conclusion: The risk of osteoporosis in the elderly women with low nutritional status is higher, so attention should be paid to improve the nutritional status of the elderly women. OSTA index has a certain reference value in reflecting the nutritional status of elderly women.
KEY WORDS nutritional status; elderly women; osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians; mini nutritional assessment short-form; association
第六次全国人口普查数据显示,上海60岁及以上的人口已占总人口的15.26%[1],提示上海老龄化问题日益严重。老年患者中营养不良发生率较高,微型营养评估简表(short-form Mini-nutritional Assessment, MNA-SF)可以作为一种有效的筛选社区老年营养不良患者的工具[2]。同时,营养不良又是导致骨质疏松症(osteoporosis, OP)发生的危险因素[3],OP不仅会影响患者生活质量,而且OP所致的脊柱变形、骨折等则会致残,甚至致死,给患者、家庭、社会造成严重负担[4]。亚洲人骨质疏松自我筛查工具(osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians,OSTA)是由Koh等[5]于2001年提出的一种用于预测亚洲绝经妇女患OP危险的工具,现已广泛应用于老年女性的OP早期筛查。本研究旨在分析老年女性营养状况与OSTA指数的相关性,同时分析判断OSTA指数对评估营养状况的价值。
本研究結果显示,营养不良风险组和营养不良组共有117例,占22.0%,低于国外的相关研究[6],但作为我国发达地区,仍有超过1/5的老年女性存在营养不良风险或营养不良,需要引起足够重视。
本次研究发现,营养正常组、营养不良风险组和营养不良组的OSTA评分呈正相关,提示低营养状况的人群可能会有更高罹患OP的风险。国外的研究也提示,营养不良与绝经后女性发生OP相关[7]。所以,针对低营养状况患者,需通过营养教育、饮食干预和适当锻炼等方式,改善其营养状况,提高骨密度,降低OP发生的风险[8-9]。
相关研究提示老年人随着年龄的增长,生理、心理、社会和经济等因素都可能导致营养不足,增加发生营养不良的几率[10]。本研究对不同年龄段的营养状况与OSTA风险相关性分析发现,60~69岁组和70~79岁组两者存在正相关,但80岁及以上组则无相关性。可能有以下原因:(1)入组样本量少;(2)年龄较大女性大体重者相对较少;(3)增龄对80岁及以上老年女性的骨健康的影响作用可能逐渐减少。
本研究结果提示BMI可以部分反映营养状况。在骨骼健康方面,一定的BMI对绝经后女性的骨密度具有积极意义[11]。故建议应尽早对社区老年女性进行营养监测以发现存在的营养不良风险,合理干预,预防体重丢失。
OSTA是根据年龄和体重来预测绝经后女性OP风险的有效指标[12]。相关研究将OSTA评分≤-1的高风险和中风险统一定义为风险,提示需进一步确诊和治疗[13]。本调查结果显示,OSTA评分≤-1的人数占比达到70.9%,高于北京某社区相关调查的67.9%[14]。这可能是由于OSTA筛查所需指标仅包括年龄和体重,当年龄相同时,体重起到关键作用。就南北方人群差异来说,北方人体型相对较大,体重相对较重,所测OSTA指数就会较大,提示应引入更多指标进行预测。
相关研究也证实,OSTA加入身高、骨折史等指标后,调整为北京友谊医院骨质疏松自我评估工具(Beijing Friendship Hospitalosteoporosis self-assessment tool, BFHOST),即[体重(kg)-年龄]×0.5+0.1×身高(cm)-[骨折史(0/1)],比OSTA有更高的敏感性和相似的特异性,这意味着与OSTA相比,BFH-OST对老年女性骨质疏松症的筛查可能更有用[15]。
综上,在老年女性人群中,营养不良是一种从功能上对身体产生不利影响的营养状况。本研究发现,低营养状况组的OSTA指数较低,应尽早提高老年女性的营养状况。同时,可将低营养状况人群作为目标人群进行OP高危筛查。在反映老年女性营养状况方面,OSTA指数也具有一定价值。
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