更新世向全新世的过渡与农业起源密切相关,因此探索这一阶段人类技术、适应和文化演变是史前考古的战略性课题之一。自丹麦经济学家博塞罗普提出人口增长是农业起源的重要因素后,这一观点被许多学者深入研究和探讨。本文中,海登提出了与人口压力论不同的见解,将资源压力看作是更新世末和全新世初技术演变和农业起源的主要动力。他引入生态学中的K-和r-选择资源的概念,将更新世末开始的各种技术发明乃至动植物驯化与广泛利用r-选择资源的生存方式联系起来。海登认为,旧大陆中石器时代和美洲古代期出现的大量新技术和新工具以及许多专门工具的出现与当时人类普遍转向开拓广谱资源有关,而这种技术和工具的发明主要是用来在资源压力和波动的情况下增强食物供应的稳定性。广谱资源数量大、难以开采和处理加工方式多样的特点决定了这一时期技术和工具多样化和特殊化的发展趋势。而动植物驯化的起源也应当被看作是人类诸多应付资源波动策略和技术中的一种,而不单单取决于人口的密度。他还从“最省力”原则来论述一些工具如磨光石器发明和使用的原因,认为磨光石器制作代价很高,因此这类工具在使用频率不高的情况下不会受青睐,只有当砍树和加工鱼类等劳作非常频繁或数量巨大,人类为了减少工具破损的替换率,才采纳制作代价较高的磨光石器以提高工作效率。因为磨制石器所付出的代价,可以从砍树或加工鱼类等特殊资源的效率提高上得到充分的补偿。然而,资源压力显然相对人口而言,否则就不成其为压力。这里只是在分析问题时着重看待人口因素还是资源因素,其实两者是紧密相关的变量。这篇文章对于技术演变和农业起源这些考古学中十分关注的问题提供了一个十分新颖的视野,有助于我们摆脱文化累进的传统观点,从人类适应和经济发展来分析技术和工具的发展和变化。 The transition of Pleistocene to Holocene is closely related to the origin of agriculture. Therefore, exploring this stage of human technology, adaptation and cultural evolution is one of the strategic topics in prehistoric archeology. This view has been studied and discussed by many scholars after Danish economist Roberto Boterop put forward that population growth is an important factor in the origin of agriculture. In this article, Hayden put forward different views on population pressure theory, taking resource pressure as the main driving force of technological evolution and agricultural origin at the end of the Pleistocene and Holocene. He introduced the concept of K- and r-alternative resources in ecology and linked the various technological inventions that began at the end of the Pleistocene and even animal and plant domestication with the way in which extensive use of resources was made. Hayden argues that the emergence of a large number of new technologies and new tools in the Middle Ages of the old continent and the ancient Americas, as well as the emergence of many specialized tools, was generally linked to the extensive diversification of mankind’s resources at that time. The invention of such techniques and tools was mainly used Enhance the stability of the food supply under resource stress and volatility. Due to the large number of broad-spectrum resources, the difficulty of mining and processing, the diversification of processing methods has led to the diversification and specialization of technology and tools in this period. The origins of the domestication of plants and animals should also be seen as one of many strategies and techniques for dealing with resource fluctuations in mankind and not solely on the density of the population. He also from “least effort ” principle to discuss the reasons for the invention and use of some tools such as polished stone, that the production of polished stone is very high, so these tools are not favored in the use of less frequently, Only when the work of cutting down trees and processing fish are very laborious or huge in quantity, human beings have adopted the production of more expensive stone polishers in order to increase work efficiency in order to reduce the replacement rate of tool breakage. The cost of grinding stone can be fully compensated for by the increased efficiency of special resources such as cutting trees or processing fish. However, resource pressure is clearly relative to the population, otherwise it will not be under pressure. Here, we only focus on population or resource factors when analyzing problems. In fact, the two are closely related variables. This article provides a very fresh perspective on the issues of great concern in the archeology of technological evolution and agricultural origin. It helps us get rid of the traditional view of cultural progress and analyze the development of technology and tools from human adaptation and economic development. Variety.