艾滋病病毒(HIV)暴露后的感染溯源调查,依赖于传统流行病学资料与分子流行病学证据的结合使用。目前HIV分子溯源技术已被成功地应用于职业暴露后感染的鉴定、医源性感染调查、司法调查等方面。文章介绍了该技术的原理、方法、应用、影响因素和应用前景。HIV分子溯源研究中可采用不同实验室的数据对结果进行验证,但这并不是一种常规做法。要保证鉴定结果的准确性和可靠性,实验室内部质量管理更为重要。 Infections traceability studies following HIV exposure rely on the combination of traditional epidemiological data with molecular epidemiological evidence. At present, HIV molecular traceability technology has been successfully applied in the identification of occupational exposure to infection, iatrogenic infection investigation, judicial investigation and so on. The article introduces the principle, method, application, influence factor and application prospect of this technology. The results can be validated using data from different laboratories in HIV molecular traceability studies, but this is not a common practice. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the identification results, quality management within the laboratory is more important.