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“经济人”虽然经过几代正统经济学家的努力而最终得以摆脱中世纪社会价值观的束缚,但不曾免除来自经济学内部和外部的非议或批判。对“经济人”持异议的传统,可以追朔到历史学派甚至更早,并在以否认“一个无所不在的、理性的、追求最大利润的企业家”的存在作为其首要理论创新的诺贝尔经济学奖获得者赫伯特·西蒙那里发展到项峰。其间,公开的大争论为三次:19世纪晚期历史学派与奥地利学派之争,本世纪40年代的“利润最大化原则”之争和70年代之后的“理性行为”之争。
Although economists finally get rid of the shackles of medieval social values through the efforts of several generations of orthodox economists, they have not excused their criticism or criticism from inside and outside economics. The dissenting tradition of “economic man” can be traced back to the historical school even earlier, and Nobel Economics, whose premier theoretical innovation has been denied the existence of “an ubiquitous, rational and profit-seeking entrepreneur” Learning Prize winner Herbert Simon to Xiangfeng. In the meantime, there were three major open debates: the debate between the historians and the Austrians in the late 19th century, the “profit maximization” debate in the 1940s, and the “rational behavior” after the 1970s.