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简单的有机化合物,如甲烷、乙烯、乙炔、乙酸、丙酮等,只有一个化学式,也只有一个结构式。但是,稍复杂的有机化合物,如丁烷、丁烯、丁炔、丁酸、戊酮等,只有一个化学式,却分别有2、3、2、2、3个结构式。有机化合物通常有多种结构不同的异构体,而且异构体数是随着化合物中碳原子数的增多而急剧增多的。一些含少量元素的有机化合物的异构体数见表1。
Simple organic compounds, such as methane, ethylene, acetylene, acetic acid, acetone, etc., only one chemical formula, there is only one structural formula. However, the more complex organic compounds, such as butane, butylene, butyne, butyric acid, pentanone, etc., only one chemical formula, but there are 2,3,2,2,3 structural formula. Organic compounds usually have a variety of structurally different isomers, and the number of isomers increases rapidly with the number of carbon atoms in the compound. Table 1 shows the number of isomers of some organic compounds containing small amounts of elements.