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摘要[目的]为了筛选出适宜红壤旱地种植的耐连作花生新品种。[方法]对13个引进的花生新品种进行比较试验。[结果]中花16号适应性强,在进贤温圳、新建石埠均表现出良好的抗病性和高产、稳产性,折合产量分别是3 181.59和3 371.57 kg/hm2,与CK相比增幅均在10%以上;中花12号属红皮花生种,有良好的抗病性和丰产、稳产性,在进贤温圳、新建石埠的产量均多达3 000 kg/hm2;中花9号对青枯病和白绢病的抗性差,但属黑皮花生种,且当病害发生不严重时,可获得3 300 kg/hm2以上的高产;56021、9311801、赣花8号和粤优116 等4个品种抗病性和稳产性表现一般,但可获得比CK更高的产量。[结论]中花16号和中花12号适合在红壤旱地广泛种植、推广;56021、9311801、赣花8号和粤优116有利于改善目前花生品种落后、单一、老化的问题,也比较适宜在红壤旱地推广;中花9号适宜打造成地方特色,同时也增加了红壤旱地花生品种的多样性。
关键词花生;品种比较;产量;经济性状;抗性;物候期
中图分类号S565.2文献标识码A文章编号0517-6611(2014)02-00351-03
Abstract [Objective] In order to screen out the suitable peanut new cultivars for resistance to continuous cropping in the red soil upland. [Method] The growth potential uniformity, drought resistance, stain resistance, main agronomic traits, yield and yield components and the other indexes of thirteen introduced peanut cultivars were compared. [Result] The results showed that Zhonghua 16 exhibited strong adaptability, disease resistance and high yield in Wenzhen of Jinxian and Shibu of Xinjian, and their yields were 3181.59 and 3371.57 kg/hm2, more than 10% higher than those of CK. Zhonghua 12 was a redcoat peanut, its disease resistance and yield also performed well, and the yield were more than 3000 kg/hm2 in Wenzhen of Jinxian and Shibu of Xinjian. Zhonghua 9 was a black peanut with poor resistance against diseases, especially bacterial wilt and southern blight, but the yield also was up to 3300 kg/hm2 when the occurrence of disease was not serious. Although disease resistance and yield stability of 56021, 9311801, Ganhua 8 and Yueyou 116 performed general, the yield of them were higher than those of CK. [Conclusion] It can be considered that Zhonghua 16 and Zhonghua 12 are suitable for being cultivated in the red soil upland of Nanchang. These cultivars, 56021, 9311801, Ganhua 8 and Yueyou 116, will help to improve the present issues that the cultivar is backward, single and aging , and they also are suitable to be planted in the red upland of Nanchang. Zhonghua 9 can be developed as the local characteristic industrial chain, and increases the diversity of Nanchang peanut varieties at same time.
Key words Peanut; Variety comparative experiment; Yield; Economic traits; Resistance; Phenological period
花生是南昌市主要的油料作物和经济作物,常年种植面积达1.7万hm2左右,占夏季旱作面积的60%~80%。近年来,伴随农业种植结构的调整,花生种植不断向规模化和集约化发展,主产区的连作面积也越来越大,连作障碍已成为花生产量低且不稳定的重要因素之一。加之品种落后、老化和单一,使花生病虫害加剧,品质变劣、产量降低,投产比增大[1-2]。为了提高南昌花生的品质和产量,增加农民收益,从全国各地收集了13个花生品种进行对比、鉴定,筛选适宜南昌红壤旱地种植的高产、优质、耐连作的花生品种,为红壤旱地花生品种的更新换代和大面积推广提供科学依据。 1材料与方法
1.1试验材料参试材料共13个:粤油13、粤优116、仲恺花1号、560201和玉珠1号,由江西省科源种业提供;福花5号、赣花8号和9311801,由江西省农业科学院作物研究所提供;中花9号、中花12号、中花15号和中花16号,由中国油料作物研究所提供;当地推广种粤油256,为对照种(CK)。
1.2试验设计采用完全随机区组设计,2次重复,小区面积32 m2。采取双粒穴播方式种植,行距×株距=40 cm×14 cm,播种密度约18万穴/hm2,小区四周均设保护行,3沟配套。栽培管理按当地大田生产水平进行,试验期间防虫不防病,在各个生长发育阶段对品种的生长特征、经济性状进行田间调查记载与室内考种。试验详情如表1所示。
1.3田间调查及测定指标调查记载出苗期、齐苗期、始花期、盛花期、终花期、成熟期、出苗率和抗病性。收获期,每小区随机取样5穴进行室内考种,测定主茎高(cm)、总分枝数(个)、有效结果枝数(个)、幼果数(个)、秕果数(个)、饱果数(个)、单穴结果数(个)和百果重(g);各小区均单收、单晒,实测产量[3-6]。
2结果与分析
2.1物候期分析由表2可知,各品种从播种至出苗经历了12~16 d,均在1~3 d齐苗;各参试品种的花期相差不大,均在30 d左右。但全生育期相差很大,早熟种比晚熟种早15 d,其中生育期最短的是CK和玉珠1号,约120 d;最长的是中花9号,130多d。
2.2各品种的经济学性状分析由表3可知,E1的主茎高均高于E2,出苗率和饱果率也基本表现为E1高于E2;但总分枝数、有效结果数和单穴结果数E1均比E2少; E1与E2的百果重基本一致(如中花16号、9311801、粤优116、粤油13和仲恺花1号),也有相差较大的(如CK、中花12号、中花15号、中花9号和玉珠1号)。E1下,各品种的总分枝数和百果重均比CK高,而其他指标CK均处于中下水平;E2下,各品种的总分枝数、有效结果数和单穴结果数均比CK高,但出苗率和饱果率CK最高,百果重和主茎高CK位列中上。这说明,不同种植环境/地点,各品种的性状表现不一;有些品种稳定性好,受环境的影响小,而有些受环境影响较大。环境地点播种时间试验地点土壤条件施肥情况E104-07进贤温圳(28°19′43″ E、 116°7′40″ N)花生连作红壤旱地、肥力中等,排灌条件良好冬前机深耕,结合深耕施石灰1 125 kg/hm2;播种前,结合整地底施尿素150 kg/hm2,氯化钾225 kg/hm2和复合肥(养分含量42%,N-P2O5-K2O=22∶8∶12)600 kg/hm2作基肥,撒施5%毒死蜱12 kg/hm2防治地下害虫;播种后喷施50%乙草胺乳油1.9 L/hm2进行除草E204-10新建石埠(28°34′40″ E、 115°41′40″ N)红壤旱地、肥力中等,排灌良好,前作为藠头播种前,结合整地底施复合肥(养分含量45%,N-P2O5-K2O=15-15-15)652 kg/hm2,钙镁磷肥中花16号在两地点均比CK增产,达10%以上,这说明此品种适应性广,高产、稳产性好,加之其抗病性强,故适合在红壤旱地普遍推广;中花12号属红皮花生,抗病性一般,但高产、稳产性好(两地点的产量分别是3 346.67和3 046.05 kg/hm2),可作为特色种在红壤旱地推广;56021、9311801、粤优116和赣花8号等4个品种的产量稳定性不如中花16号,但两地点的产量均高于CK,且均对青枯病和白绢病有一定抗性,故这4个品种也比较适宜种植在红壤旱地这种偏酸性土壤。中花9号在E1表现很好,较之CK增产40%多,但在E2则是减产40%多,主要原因是中花9号在E2发生严重的青枯病和白绢病,出现很多死株和发育不良的荚果,致使大幅减产,但中花9号属黑皮花生,作为特色花生种可将其推广在非青枯病和白绢病发生区。建议同时研究相应的高产配套栽培技术,尤其是药剂防治、种植制度和土壤改良等方面,力争作到良种和良法结合,达到高产、优质的目标。
参考文献
[1] 王小兵,骆永明,刘五星,等.红壤连作花生青枯病发病规律及病原菌分离[J].花生学报,2010,39(2):6-10.
[2] 刘苹,赵海军,万书波,等.连作对花生根系分泌物化感作用的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(3):639-644.
[3] 陈贤友,郑奕熊.花生新品种区试总结[J].汕头科技,2001(4):11-13.
[4] 张丽林,俞杨凤,陈网明.优质花生品比研究与分析[J].种子世界,2002(2):28-29.
[5] 崔妍.优质高产花生新品种引进品比试验[J].农业科技通讯,2011(5):77,81.
[6] 于飞,籍平,杨宏,等.花生新品种品比试验研究[J].农业科技与装备,2008(2):1-4.
[7] 胡军和,赵文俊,屈雷,等.在兽医科研中应用Excel 进行方差分析和多重比较( LSD)[J].河北农业科学,2008,12(6):1-2,7.
关键词花生;品种比较;产量;经济性状;抗性;物候期
中图分类号S565.2文献标识码A文章编号0517-6611(2014)02-00351-03
Abstract [Objective] In order to screen out the suitable peanut new cultivars for resistance to continuous cropping in the red soil upland. [Method] The growth potential uniformity, drought resistance, stain resistance, main agronomic traits, yield and yield components and the other indexes of thirteen introduced peanut cultivars were compared. [Result] The results showed that Zhonghua 16 exhibited strong adaptability, disease resistance and high yield in Wenzhen of Jinxian and Shibu of Xinjian, and their yields were 3181.59 and 3371.57 kg/hm2, more than 10% higher than those of CK. Zhonghua 12 was a redcoat peanut, its disease resistance and yield also performed well, and the yield were more than 3000 kg/hm2 in Wenzhen of Jinxian and Shibu of Xinjian. Zhonghua 9 was a black peanut with poor resistance against diseases, especially bacterial wilt and southern blight, but the yield also was up to 3300 kg/hm2 when the occurrence of disease was not serious. Although disease resistance and yield stability of 56021, 9311801, Ganhua 8 and Yueyou 116 performed general, the yield of them were higher than those of CK. [Conclusion] It can be considered that Zhonghua 16 and Zhonghua 12 are suitable for being cultivated in the red soil upland of Nanchang. These cultivars, 56021, 9311801, Ganhua 8 and Yueyou 116, will help to improve the present issues that the cultivar is backward, single and aging , and they also are suitable to be planted in the red upland of Nanchang. Zhonghua 9 can be developed as the local characteristic industrial chain, and increases the diversity of Nanchang peanut varieties at same time.
Key words Peanut; Variety comparative experiment; Yield; Economic traits; Resistance; Phenological period
花生是南昌市主要的油料作物和经济作物,常年种植面积达1.7万hm2左右,占夏季旱作面积的60%~80%。近年来,伴随农业种植结构的调整,花生种植不断向规模化和集约化发展,主产区的连作面积也越来越大,连作障碍已成为花生产量低且不稳定的重要因素之一。加之品种落后、老化和单一,使花生病虫害加剧,品质变劣、产量降低,投产比增大[1-2]。为了提高南昌花生的品质和产量,增加农民收益,从全国各地收集了13个花生品种进行对比、鉴定,筛选适宜南昌红壤旱地种植的高产、优质、耐连作的花生品种,为红壤旱地花生品种的更新换代和大面积推广提供科学依据。 1材料与方法
1.1试验材料参试材料共13个:粤油13、粤优116、仲恺花1号、560201和玉珠1号,由江西省科源种业提供;福花5号、赣花8号和9311801,由江西省农业科学院作物研究所提供;中花9号、中花12号、中花15号和中花16号,由中国油料作物研究所提供;当地推广种粤油256,为对照种(CK)。
1.2试验设计采用完全随机区组设计,2次重复,小区面积32 m2。采取双粒穴播方式种植,行距×株距=40 cm×14 cm,播种密度约18万穴/hm2,小区四周均设保护行,3沟配套。栽培管理按当地大田生产水平进行,试验期间防虫不防病,在各个生长发育阶段对品种的生长特征、经济性状进行田间调查记载与室内考种。试验详情如表1所示。
1.3田间调查及测定指标调查记载出苗期、齐苗期、始花期、盛花期、终花期、成熟期、出苗率和抗病性。收获期,每小区随机取样5穴进行室内考种,测定主茎高(cm)、总分枝数(个)、有效结果枝数(个)、幼果数(个)、秕果数(个)、饱果数(个)、单穴结果数(个)和百果重(g);各小区均单收、单晒,实测产量[3-6]。
2结果与分析
2.1物候期分析由表2可知,各品种从播种至出苗经历了12~16 d,均在1~3 d齐苗;各参试品种的花期相差不大,均在30 d左右。但全生育期相差很大,早熟种比晚熟种早15 d,其中生育期最短的是CK和玉珠1号,约120 d;最长的是中花9号,130多d。
2.2各品种的经济学性状分析由表3可知,E1的主茎高均高于E2,出苗率和饱果率也基本表现为E1高于E2;但总分枝数、有效结果数和单穴结果数E1均比E2少; E1与E2的百果重基本一致(如中花16号、9311801、粤优116、粤油13和仲恺花1号),也有相差较大的(如CK、中花12号、中花15号、中花9号和玉珠1号)。E1下,各品种的总分枝数和百果重均比CK高,而其他指标CK均处于中下水平;E2下,各品种的总分枝数、有效结果数和单穴结果数均比CK高,但出苗率和饱果率CK最高,百果重和主茎高CK位列中上。这说明,不同种植环境/地点,各品种的性状表现不一;有些品种稳定性好,受环境的影响小,而有些受环境影响较大。环境地点播种时间试验地点土壤条件施肥情况E104-07进贤温圳(28°19′43″ E、 116°7′40″ N)花生连作红壤旱地、肥力中等,排灌条件良好冬前机深耕,结合深耕施石灰1 125 kg/hm2;播种前,结合整地底施尿素150 kg/hm2,氯化钾225 kg/hm2和复合肥(养分含量42%,N-P2O5-K2O=22∶8∶12)600 kg/hm2作基肥,撒施5%毒死蜱12 kg/hm2防治地下害虫;播种后喷施50%乙草胺乳油1.9 L/hm2进行除草E204-10新建石埠(28°34′40″ E、 115°41′40″ N)红壤旱地、肥力中等,排灌良好,前作为藠头播种前,结合整地底施复合肥(养分含量45%,N-P2O5-K2O=15-15-15)652 kg/hm2,钙镁磷肥中花16号在两地点均比CK增产,达10%以上,这说明此品种适应性广,高产、稳产性好,加之其抗病性强,故适合在红壤旱地普遍推广;中花12号属红皮花生,抗病性一般,但高产、稳产性好(两地点的产量分别是3 346.67和3 046.05 kg/hm2),可作为特色种在红壤旱地推广;56021、9311801、粤优116和赣花8号等4个品种的产量稳定性不如中花16号,但两地点的产量均高于CK,且均对青枯病和白绢病有一定抗性,故这4个品种也比较适宜种植在红壤旱地这种偏酸性土壤。中花9号在E1表现很好,较之CK增产40%多,但在E2则是减产40%多,主要原因是中花9号在E2发生严重的青枯病和白绢病,出现很多死株和发育不良的荚果,致使大幅减产,但中花9号属黑皮花生,作为特色花生种可将其推广在非青枯病和白绢病发生区。建议同时研究相应的高产配套栽培技术,尤其是药剂防治、种植制度和土壤改良等方面,力争作到良种和良法结合,达到高产、优质的目标。
参考文献
[1] 王小兵,骆永明,刘五星,等.红壤连作花生青枯病发病规律及病原菌分离[J].花生学报,2010,39(2):6-10.
[2] 刘苹,赵海军,万书波,等.连作对花生根系分泌物化感作用的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(3):639-644.
[3] 陈贤友,郑奕熊.花生新品种区试总结[J].汕头科技,2001(4):11-13.
[4] 张丽林,俞杨凤,陈网明.优质花生品比研究与分析[J].种子世界,2002(2):28-29.
[5] 崔妍.优质高产花生新品种引进品比试验[J].农业科技通讯,2011(5):77,81.
[6] 于飞,籍平,杨宏,等.花生新品种品比试验研究[J].农业科技与装备,2008(2):1-4.
[7] 胡军和,赵文俊,屈雷,等.在兽医科研中应用Excel 进行方差分析和多重比较( LSD)[J].河北农业科学,2008,12(6):1-2,7.