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本文系统介绍了1988年前苏联亚美尼亚和2005年印度克什米尔震后心理援助的经验和启示,列举了震后心理创伤常见的心理问题,指出:创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症是震后心理创伤的典型问题;74%的人表现出创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的症状,22%的人患有抑郁症。其它常见问题按频率由高到低依次为:睡眠障碍,焦虑/心悸/紧张/躁动,恐惧/关注/顾虑地震/感觉地震,食欲下降,情绪低落/悲伤,胸痛/胃痛/身体疼痛/头痛,快感缺乏/兴趣丧失,绝望/无助/失去信心,虚弱/疲劳,自杀意念/死亡的意愿。另外还有:愤怒和压抑的情感,分离性焦虑,回避和被动,对孩子隐瞒真相,生存内疚,无助和殉难,酗酒,悲痛化解困难,自杀,嫉妒,故土难离,反应迟钝等,这些问题也不容忽视。最后,对震后心理援助提出了积极的建议。
This article systematically introduces the experience and enlightenment of the psychological assistance in the former Soviet Union of Soviet Union in 1988 and the Kashmir in 2005 in India after the earthquake. It lists the common psychological problems after the earthquake and points out that post-traumatic stress disorder and depression are post-earthquake psychological trauma Typical problems; 74% showed symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 22% had depression. Other common problems are: sleep disorder, anxiety / heart palpitations / nervousness / agitation, fear / concern / earthquake / feeling earthquake, loss of appetite, depression / sadness, chest pain / stomachache / body ache / headache, Lack of pleasure / loss of interest, hopelessness / helplessness / loss of confidence, weakness / fatigue, suicidal ideation / willingness to die. There are also: angry and depressed emotions, dissociative anxiety, avoidance and passiveness, concealing the truth from children, living with guilt, helplessness and martyrdom, alcohol abuse, grief and ease of suffering, suicide, jealousy, homeland difficulties, unresponsiveness, etc. The problem can not be ignored. Finally, we put forward some positive suggestions for psychological assistance after the earthquake.