免疫失调在血液系统肿瘤的发生、发展中发挥重要作用。而肠道微生态中高度多样性的微生物及其代谢产物，对血液系统肿瘤患者的免疫功能有重要的影响。肠道微生态失衡可影响血液系统肿瘤的进展及患者预后。笔者拟从肠道微生态的组成，肠道微生态与宿主抗肿瘤免疫、血液系统肿瘤发病及患者预后的关系，以及化疗对血液系统肿瘤患者肠道微生态的影响等方面，对肠道微生态与血液系统肿瘤患者免疫功能的关系进行阐述。“,”Immune disorders play important roles in the occurrence and development of hematopoietic malignancies. High diversity of microorganisms and their related metabolites in intestinal microecology have a significant impact on the immune function of patients with hematopoietic malignancies. Imbalance of intestinal microecology can affect the development of hematopoietic malignancies and prognosis of patients. Therefore, this paper introduces the relationship between intestinal microecology and hematopoietic malignancies immunity from the aspects of the composition of intestinal microecology, the relationship between intestinal microecology and host anti-tumor immunity, the relationship between intestinal microecology and hematopoietic malignancies development and prognosis, and the impact of hematopoietic malignancies chemotherapy on intestinal microecology.