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动词的时态和语态是历年各地高考测试的重点语法项目(一般2-3个小题),也是考生失分比较严重的题目｡因此,要做好时态语态题,除了要掌握好常用的8种时态的结构和用法外,还应熟悉一些行之有效的解题技巧,这样在高考中才会知己知彼,百战不殆｡通过研读历届高考试题,笔者发现命题者设题的角度和思路每年大致相同,由此提出下列解题技巧,望能对考生有所帮助｡
一､慧眼识别标志词
如果题干中有标志性的时间状语,则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态｡
[例]①More than a dozen students in that school ________ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent B. were sentC. had sentD. had been sent
[解析] 此题有明显的时间标志词last year,提示我们应该使用一般过去时;句中的主语students是被送的对象,应该使用被动语态｡答案为B｡
②The country life he was used to _______ greatly since 1992.
A. changeB. has changed
C. changing D. have changed
[解析]since 1992是现在完成时的时间标志词,he was used to是定语从句,修饰the country life,根据主谓一致原则,答案选B｡
③They _______ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _______ it as no good results have come out so far.
A. had been working; are still working
B. had worked; were still working
C. have been working; have worked
D. have worked; are still working
[解析]第一空后的时间标志词是for almost one week,这是一个完成时的时间状语,并且动作发生在before I joined them这一过去动作之前,表示“过去的过去”,结合下文,该动作当时并未结束,应使用过去完成进行时;第二空前有时间标志词now,说明是现在正在进行的动作,应使用现在进行时｡答案为A｡
动词的时态一般都有其相应的时间状语,请同学们熟记下列8种常用时态所对应的时间状语｡
(1)一般现在时:often, always, usually, seldom, now,
every day等｡
(2)一般过去时:then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等｡
(3)现在进行时:now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等｡
(4)过去进行时:then, at that time, at this time yesterday等｡
(5)现在完成时: recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years…, for+一段时间, since + 一点时间等｡
(6)过去完成时:before, by the end of last month/years…等｡
(7)一般将来时:tomorrow, today, next week/month…, in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等｡
(8)过去将来时:the following month, the next week等｡
[命题角度及对策]高考测试动词时态须与句中时间状语一致时,常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力｡敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境,选择出正确的动词时态,是解决此类问题的良策｡
二､主从时态须呼应
如果所给题干是主从复合句,可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选出正确的时态｡
[例]①—What would you do if it ______ tomorrow?
—We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.
A.rain B.rains C.will rainD.is raining
[解析]这是一个含有条件状语从句的主从复合句,主句中的would作为情态动词,并不是表示过去,而是表示对将来的一种推测,条件状语从句中通常使用一般现在时表示将来｡答案为B｡
②He ____ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
A. has learnedB. would have learned
C. learned D. had learned
[解析]when引导的时间状语从句中使用的是过去时,而主句动作发生在从句动作之前,应使用过去完成时｡答案为D｡
③By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _______ for London to attend a meeting.
A. will leaveB. leavesC. will have left D. left
[解析]by the time引导的从句中使用了一般现在时表将来,主句中应使用将来时,并且by the time还是完成时的标志词,故主句应使用将来完成时｡答案为C｡
④—Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
—Oh! I thought they ________ without me.
A. wentB. are goingC. have goneD. had gone
[解析]这是一个含有宾语从句的主从复合句,主句动词是过去时,宾语从句中的动词只能使用过去时的某种时态｡根据句意“我原以为他们早走了”,要用过去完成时｡答案为D｡
[命题角度及对策]近年来高考考查主从句的时态呼应时,常放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查｡在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点:
(1)在时间､条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时表示一般将来时,一般过去时表示过去将来时,用现在完成时表示将来完成时｡
(2)正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境｡
(3)解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则:主句动词为现在时,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态;主句动词为过去时,则从句动词须用恰当的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时)｡
三､瞻前顾后巧搭配
如果题干构成某种固定搭配或句式,则根据规则选用需要的时态｡
[考例] ①He ________ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.
A. has no sooner got B. no sooner got
C. will no sooner get D. had no sooner got
[解析]no sooner… than是一固定搭配,意思是“一……就……”,其时态为从句中用一般过去时,主句中用过去完成时,相同的结构还有hardly(scarcely)…when…｡答案为D｡
②We were swimming in the lake ______ suddenly the storm started.
A. whenB. whileC. untilD. before
[解析]be doing…when…是一个固定句式,意思是“正在……,这时(发生了另一件事)”,另外也可使用be about to do…when…;be on the point of doing…when…句式,意思是“正要做某事,这时……”｡答案为A｡
③Let's keep to the point or we ______ any decisions.
A. will never reach B. have never reached
C. never reach D. never reached
[解析]祈使句(或名词词组)+and(或or)简单句是并列句的一种固定句式,and(或or)后的简单句通常用将来时或用情态动词表示将来｡答案为A｡
④—Do you know our town at all?
—No, this is the first time I ______ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
[解析]This is the first/second…time (that)…是一固定句式,从句中通常使用现在完成时｡答案为B｡
[命题角度及对策]在高三复习中,同学们一定要夯实基础知识,熟记教材中出现的各种习惯搭配,这不仅有助于解单项填空题,而且对解完形填空和阅读表达题也有帮助,还能在书面表达中增色不少｡
四､仔细体会语境
近年来高考试题对时态语态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化､实际化｡因此,仔细体会所给语境,根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题｡
[考例]①—If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock.
—What a pity! Tina ______ here to see you.
A. isB. wasC. would beD. has been
[解析]第一句是虚拟语气,而且根据主句和从句的谓语动词的时态可以看出是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,句意是“要不是交通这么拥挤,我六点钟就赶回来了(实际上没赶回来)”｡从下一句的What a pity! 可以推断出当时Tina在等着见他,而现在已经走了,故用一般过去时｡答案为B｡
② Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ________ so rapidly.
A. is changingB. has changed
C. will have changed D. will change
[解析]此题的语境是“选择一部个人用的移动电话不是件容易的事,因为当今技术发展得很快｡”主句动词使用的是一般现在时,故全句讲的是现在的事,正确答案为A,用现在进行时表示现在一直在变化(暗含着这种变化还会一直进行下去)｡受recently的影响,许多同学选择了使用现在完成时｡若用现在完成时,则不能体现移动电话日新月异的发展变化｡
③Listen to the two girls by the window. What language _______?
A. did they speak B. were they speaking
C. are they speaking D. have they been speaking
[解析]祈使句Listen to the two girls by the window.给出了语境,两个女孩正在窗户旁边说话,所以下一句问“他们在用什么语言交谈?”应使用现在进行时｡答案为C｡
④When the old man _______ to walk back to his house, the sun ______ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden
B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding
D. was starting; hid
[解析]本题考查两个动作的时间先后关系｡根据语境,老人“开始”朝家走的时候,太阳 “早已经躲到”大山的后面去了｡答案为A｡
[命题角度及对策]近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化､实际化｡对策是,捕捉信息,理解情境,综合运用,灵活答题｡
[实战演练]
1. By the time you get back, great changes _______ in your hometown.
A. will take place B. will be taken place
C. are going to take placeD. will have taken place
2. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she _____.
A. will arrive B. arrives
C. is going to arrive D. is arriving
3. The last time I _____ Jane, she ______ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was pickingB. saw; picked
C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking
4. —I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
—Oh, not at all. I _____ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
5. — What do you think ______ to her?
—She must have lost her ticket.
A. happenedB. had happened
C. will happenD. happens
6. —Why don’t you go home?
—Because the work _____.
A. hasn’t finished yet B. can’t finish yet
C. would not finish yetD. isn’t finished yet
7. She _____ quite herself today. She’d better see a doctor.
A. doesn’t feelB. wasn’t feeling
C. isn’t felt D. is feeling
8. —Was that the first time _____ you _______ England’s coast?
—Yes, it was.
A. /; left B. when; have left
C. when; had left D. /; had left
9. —I beg your pardon, but I didn’t quite catch you.
—Oh, I ______ myself.
A. am talking B. talked about
C. have talked toD. was talking to
10. I can’t go swimming because I _____ my leg.
A. broke B. had broken
C. have broken D. have been broken
11. Can you see the sign over there, which ______: “Keep off the grass.”
A. reads B. is read C. reading D. has read
12. Peter is to study medicine when he ____ middle school.
A. will finish B. has finished
C. finished D. would finish
13. — May I have a word with Anna?
— Sorry, she _____ to her friend on the phone.
A. is talking B. has talkedC. talked D. talks
14. — Where are Jack and Mike?
— They ____ the furniture you asked for into the house.
A. have been carrying B. carried
C. have been carried D. were carried
15. — You must be surprised and excited to see the film star here.
— You’re right. ____.
A. I don’t expect to see her here
B. I didn’t expect to see her here
C. I am expecting to see her here
D. I expected to see her here
16. I should very much like to have gone to that party of theirs, but ____.
A. I’m not invited B. I have not been invited
C. I was not invited D. I had not been invited
17. — Would you like to tell me what our teacher said just now?
— She said that light ____ faster than sound.
A. travels B. traveled
C. would travel D. was traveling
18. — Was the trip pleasant when you vacationed in the mountain village last summer?
— No, it ____ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. would be raining
C. had been raining D. have rained
19. — Do you smoke?
— No, I don’t. It’s two years since I ____.
A. smoked B. have smoked
C. has smoked D. don’t smoke
20. — Look at the black clouds. It ___ soon.
— Sure. If only we ____ out.
A. is raining; didn’t come
B. is to rain; won’t start
C. will rain; haven’t started
D. is going to rain; hadn’t come
(Key:1-5DBDAA6-10DADDC11-15ABAAB 16-20CACAD)
一､慧眼识别标志词
如果题干中有标志性的时间状语,则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态｡
[例]①More than a dozen students in that school ________ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent B. were sentC. had sentD. had been sent
[解析] 此题有明显的时间标志词last year,提示我们应该使用一般过去时;句中的主语students是被送的对象,应该使用被动语态｡答案为B｡
②The country life he was used to _______ greatly since 1992.
A. changeB. has changed
C. changing D. have changed
[解析]since 1992是现在完成时的时间标志词,he was used to是定语从句,修饰the country life,根据主谓一致原则,答案选B｡
③They _______ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _______ it as no good results have come out so far.
A. had been working; are still working
B. had worked; were still working
C. have been working; have worked
D. have worked; are still working
[解析]第一空后的时间标志词是for almost one week,这是一个完成时的时间状语,并且动作发生在before I joined them这一过去动作之前,表示“过去的过去”,结合下文,该动作当时并未结束,应使用过去完成进行时;第二空前有时间标志词now,说明是现在正在进行的动作,应使用现在进行时｡答案为A｡
动词的时态一般都有其相应的时间状语,请同学们熟记下列8种常用时态所对应的时间状语｡
(1)一般现在时:often, always, usually, seldom, now,
every day等｡
(2)一般过去时:then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等｡
(3)现在进行时:now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等｡
(4)过去进行时:then, at that time, at this time yesterday等｡
(5)现在完成时: recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years…, for+一段时间, since + 一点时间等｡
(6)过去完成时:before, by the end of last month/years…等｡
(7)一般将来时:tomorrow, today, next week/month…, in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等｡
(8)过去将来时:the following month, the next week等｡
[命题角度及对策]高考测试动词时态须与句中时间状语一致时,常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力｡敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境,选择出正确的动词时态,是解决此类问题的良策｡
二､主从时态须呼应
如果所给题干是主从复合句,可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选出正确的时态｡
[例]①—What would you do if it ______ tomorrow?
—We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.
A.rain B.rains C.will rainD.is raining
[解析]这是一个含有条件状语从句的主从复合句,主句中的would作为情态动词,并不是表示过去,而是表示对将来的一种推测,条件状语从句中通常使用一般现在时表示将来｡答案为B｡
②He ____ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
A. has learnedB. would have learned
C. learned D. had learned
[解析]when引导的时间状语从句中使用的是过去时,而主句动作发生在从句动作之前,应使用过去完成时｡答案为D｡
③By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _______ for London to attend a meeting.
A. will leaveB. leavesC. will have left D. left
[解析]by the time引导的从句中使用了一般现在时表将来,主句中应使用将来时,并且by the time还是完成时的标志词,故主句应使用将来完成时｡答案为C｡
④—Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
—Oh! I thought they ________ without me.
A. wentB. are goingC. have goneD. had gone
[解析]这是一个含有宾语从句的主从复合句,主句动词是过去时,宾语从句中的动词只能使用过去时的某种时态｡根据句意“我原以为他们早走了”,要用过去完成时｡答案为D｡
[命题角度及对策]近年来高考考查主从句的时态呼应时,常放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查｡在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点:
(1)在时间､条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时表示一般将来时,一般过去时表示过去将来时,用现在完成时表示将来完成时｡
(2)正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境｡
(3)解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则:主句动词为现在时,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态;主句动词为过去时,则从句动词须用恰当的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时)｡
三､瞻前顾后巧搭配
如果题干构成某种固定搭配或句式,则根据规则选用需要的时态｡
[考例] ①He ________ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.
A. has no sooner got B. no sooner got
C. will no sooner get D. had no sooner got
[解析]no sooner… than是一固定搭配,意思是“一……就……”,其时态为从句中用一般过去时,主句中用过去完成时,相同的结构还有hardly(scarcely)…when…｡答案为D｡
②We were swimming in the lake ______ suddenly the storm started.
A. whenB. whileC. untilD. before
[解析]be doing…when…是一个固定句式,意思是“正在……,这时(发生了另一件事)”,另外也可使用be about to do…when…;be on the point of doing…when…句式,意思是“正要做某事,这时……”｡答案为A｡
③Let's keep to the point or we ______ any decisions.
A. will never reach B. have never reached
C. never reach D. never reached
[解析]祈使句(或名词词组)+and(或or)简单句是并列句的一种固定句式,and(或or)后的简单句通常用将来时或用情态动词表示将来｡答案为A｡
④—Do you know our town at all?
—No, this is the first time I ______ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
[解析]This is the first/second…time (that)…是一固定句式,从句中通常使用现在完成时｡答案为B｡
[命题角度及对策]在高三复习中,同学们一定要夯实基础知识,熟记教材中出现的各种习惯搭配,这不仅有助于解单项填空题,而且对解完形填空和阅读表达题也有帮助,还能在书面表达中增色不少｡
四､仔细体会语境
近年来高考试题对时态语态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化､实际化｡因此,仔细体会所给语境,根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题｡
[考例]①—If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock.
—What a pity! Tina ______ here to see you.
A. isB. wasC. would beD. has been
[解析]第一句是虚拟语气,而且根据主句和从句的谓语动词的时态可以看出是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,句意是“要不是交通这么拥挤,我六点钟就赶回来了(实际上没赶回来)”｡从下一句的What a pity! 可以推断出当时Tina在等着见他,而现在已经走了,故用一般过去时｡答案为B｡
② Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ________ so rapidly.
A. is changingB. has changed
C. will have changed D. will change
[解析]此题的语境是“选择一部个人用的移动电话不是件容易的事,因为当今技术发展得很快｡”主句动词使用的是一般现在时,故全句讲的是现在的事,正确答案为A,用现在进行时表示现在一直在变化(暗含着这种变化还会一直进行下去)｡受recently的影响,许多同学选择了使用现在完成时｡若用现在完成时,则不能体现移动电话日新月异的发展变化｡
③Listen to the two girls by the window. What language _______?
A. did they speak B. were they speaking
C. are they speaking D. have they been speaking
[解析]祈使句Listen to the two girls by the window.给出了语境,两个女孩正在窗户旁边说话,所以下一句问“他们在用什么语言交谈?”应使用现在进行时｡答案为C｡
④When the old man _______ to walk back to his house, the sun ______ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden
B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding
D. was starting; hid
[解析]本题考查两个动作的时间先后关系｡根据语境,老人“开始”朝家走的时候,太阳 “早已经躲到”大山的后面去了｡答案为A｡
[命题角度及对策]近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化､实际化｡对策是,捕捉信息,理解情境,综合运用,灵活答题｡
[实战演练]
1. By the time you get back, great changes _______ in your hometown.
A. will take place B. will be taken place
C. are going to take placeD. will have taken place
2. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she _____.
A. will arrive B. arrives
C. is going to arrive D. is arriving
3. The last time I _____ Jane, she ______ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was pickingB. saw; picked
C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking
4. —I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
—Oh, not at all. I _____ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
5. — What do you think ______ to her?
—She must have lost her ticket.
A. happenedB. had happened
C. will happenD. happens
6. —Why don’t you go home?
—Because the work _____.
A. hasn’t finished yet B. can’t finish yet
C. would not finish yetD. isn’t finished yet
7. She _____ quite herself today. She’d better see a doctor.
A. doesn’t feelB. wasn’t feeling
C. isn’t felt D. is feeling
8. —Was that the first time _____ you _______ England’s coast?
—Yes, it was.
A. /; left B. when; have left
C. when; had left D. /; had left
9. —I beg your pardon, but I didn’t quite catch you.
—Oh, I ______ myself.
A. am talking B. talked about
C. have talked toD. was talking to
10. I can’t go swimming because I _____ my leg.
A. broke B. had broken
C. have broken D. have been broken
11. Can you see the sign over there, which ______: “Keep off the grass.”
A. reads B. is read C. reading D. has read
12. Peter is to study medicine when he ____ middle school.
A. will finish B. has finished
C. finished D. would finish
13. — May I have a word with Anna?
— Sorry, she _____ to her friend on the phone.
A. is talking B. has talkedC. talked D. talks
14. — Where are Jack and Mike?
— They ____ the furniture you asked for into the house.
A. have been carrying B. carried
C. have been carried D. were carried
15. — You must be surprised and excited to see the film star here.
— You’re right. ____.
A. I don’t expect to see her here
B. I didn’t expect to see her here
C. I am expecting to see her here
D. I expected to see her here
16. I should very much like to have gone to that party of theirs, but ____.
A. I’m not invited B. I have not been invited
C. I was not invited D. I had not been invited
17. — Would you like to tell me what our teacher said just now?
— She said that light ____ faster than sound.
A. travels B. traveled
C. would travel D. was traveling
18. — Was the trip pleasant when you vacationed in the mountain village last summer?
— No, it ____ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. would be raining
C. had been raining D. have rained
19. — Do you smoke?
— No, I don’t. It’s two years since I ____.
A. smoked B. have smoked
C. has smoked D. don’t smoke
20. — Look at the black clouds. It ___ soon.
— Sure. If only we ____ out.
A. is raining; didn’t come
B. is to rain; won’t start
C. will rain; haven’t started
D. is going to rain; hadn’t come
(Key:1-5DBDAA6-10DADDC11-15ABAAB 16-20CACAD)