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在批发—零售行业、铁矿石—钢铁行业、煤炭—电力行业等一些具有上下游关系的纵向市场结构中,合约定价和现货市场价格会同时存在,并且参与谈判获得低合约价的通常是大型企业,而中小企业要接受较高的现货价格。本文简要回顾了已有的经济理论对这一现象的解释,并提出新的解释,即当下游企业中的一家可以通过与上游企业谈判获得市场领导者地位时,谈判就会产生量大价优的结果,上游企业和下游行业中的大企业利润都会有所上升,而下游企业中的小企业利润则会下降。
In the vertical market structure with upstream and downstream relations, such as wholesale-retail industry, iron ore-steel industry, and coal-electric power industry, contract pricing and spot market prices will exist simultaneously, and it is usually a large scale to participate in negotiations to obtain low contract prices. Enterprises, and SMEs to accept higher spot prices. This article briefly reviews the existing economic theory’s explanation of this phenomenon and proposes a new explanation. When one of the downstream companies can gain market leadership through negotiations with the upstream companies, the negotiation will generate a large quantity of excellent prices. As a result, the profits of large companies in upstream companies and downstream industries will increase, while the profits of small enterprises in downstream companies will decline.