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逗号在英语中用途最广泛、用法最灵活,是使用频率最高的标点符号。它可以分开一系列的词、短语或从句,用于简单句或复合句句子内部各成份之间的停顿,把句子切分为意群。
句型结构的分析是完成句子的主要考点之一,而逗号的使用无疑又增加了分析的难度。
大家都知道,除了并列连词(and, but, or, not only ... but also等)可连接两个、两个以上的主句,一个句子当中只能有一个主句,我们称之为“一主句原则”。根据这一原则,逗号将一个复合句或长句切分为一个主句和其它意群的结构组合(如:主句+从句、从句+主句、主句+分词、分词+主句、主句+不定式等)。逗号作为完成句子的分隔符,为我们进行句型结构分析起到了标志性的提示作用。
1. 主句+逗号+从句
例1 (2010年高考湖北卷80题)_______(正如我们强调的那样)many times,“serve the people” is our first policy. (stress)
解析 逗号后面为句子主句,根据意境及结构可知填空部分应为非限制性的定语从句:As we have stressed/As has been stressed。
例2 (2009年高考湖北卷80题)Learning strategies, to _______(老师们认为) importance, have not yet drawn enough attention of students. (attach)
解析 根据结构可知这两个逗号将定语从句与主句分隔开来,此处应使用“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句:which (the) teachers attach/ have attached。
2. 从句+逗号+主句
例3 (2011年高考湖北卷75题)If_______(我没有喝)alcohol last night, I could have driven my car home. (drink)
解析 逗号后面是主句,前面是if引导的虚拟条件句,表示对过去的虚拟,故正确答案为:I hadn’t drunk。
例4 (2009年高考湖北卷75题)If times _______(变了), have our ways of thinking changed too? (change)
解析 逗号的后面是一个主句,前面是if引导的真实条件句,填空部分为从句的谓语动词,用现在完成时态:have changed。
3. 分词+逗号+主句
例5 (2011年高考湖北卷74题)_______(把钥匙握在手上),he looked for them everywhere. (hold)
解析 逗号后面是一个主句,前面填空部分虽有动作含义,但不可用主句形式,而要用非谓语动词即分词的独立主格结构。the keys与hold之间存在着逻辑上的被动关系,故正确答案为:The keys held in the/his hand。
例6 (2010年高考湖北卷72题)_______(油漆成)red,the building stands out among the rest and looks very attractive.(paint)
解析 逗号后面为主句,填空部分应为过去分词或现在分词的完成被动式做状语,表示被动、完成(状态)意义:Painted/Having been painted。
例7 (2009年高考湖北卷71题)_______(多亏了) her assistance, we succeeded in starting the engine. (owe)
解析 逗号后面为主句,前半句应为状语,故用现在分词:Owing to。
4. 介词短语+逗号+主句
例8 (2009年高考湖北卷73题)During his last lecture, the scientist _______(觉得) easier to explain the theory to those with some background knowledge. (find)
解析 逗号前面是介词短语,充当状语,故后面是主句,填空部分应为主句的谓语动词:found it/ found (that) it was。
5. 主句+逗号+with复合结构
例9 (2007年高考湖北卷31题)They sat together around the table, with _______ (门关着). (shut)
解析 逗号前面是主句,后面应是with复合结构,the door与shut之间存在着逻辑上的被动关系,故正确答案为:the door shut。
6. 主句一+逗号+and/but/or+主句二(或用not only ..., but also ...)
例10 (2010年高考湖北卷79题)It’s said that they have swum to the island from the continent,but they _______(不可能做到)because the ocean in between is too wide. (do)
解析 but连接两个并列的成份,逗号前、后都是主句,故填空部分为一个主句的谓语。根据语境最佳答案为:can’t/couldn’t have done it/so/that/this。
例11 (2007年高考湖北卷39题)Not only_______(要帮助)the disabled to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for those who need it. (give)
解析 not only ... but also连接两个并列成份,逗号前、后都是主句。填空部分为前一主句的谓语,但not only放在句首时句子实行部分倒装,故正确答案为:will help be given to。
7. It is/was+被强调部分+逗号+that其它部分
例12 (2008年高考湖北卷38题)It is your efforts, not your intelligence,______________(决定)your success. (determine)
解析 根据句式结构判断,这是一个强调句型:逗号前面是被强调的部分,后面应为“that+简单句的其它部分”,故正确答案为:that determine。
[【练习】]
1. _______(正如经常的情况那样), we have worked out the production plan. (case)
2. Those girls worked out every morning,_______(旨在减肥). (aim)
3. The old man passed away without any treatment,_______(留给儿子很多钱). (leave)
4. Our goal is to climb up the top of the mountain,_______(那儿屹立着一座塔). (stand)
5. With so many people_______(用手机交流)every day, this is becoming a big business. (communicate)
6. Henry,_______(容我向你解释一下)the reason for my being late for your birthday party. (allow)
7. Sorry I can’t spare the time to attend your party next weekend,_______(尽管我很想参加). (as)
8. I still remember the story, believe or not,_______(我们迷失了)on a rainy night. (lose)
9. _______(追溯到秦朝), the traditional crosstalk is still one of the main Chinese art forms to entertain people. (date)
10. _______(天气允许), we’ll go spring outing. (permit)
11. _______(从他的口音判断), he must be from Scotland. (judge)
12. Had little Tommy gone to see the doctor earlier, he_______(不会病倒)eventually. (fall)
13. Mrs Helen, the secretary of our firm,_______(不可能解雇了), for she told me she would come back to work just now. (fire)
14. _______(由于没有公汽), they decided to go to school on foot. (being)
15. The visiting professor got to the airport in a hurry,_______(结果被告知) the plane was delayed by the weather. (tell)
[【参考答案】]
1. As is often the case
2. aiming at losing weight
3. leaving his son a lot of money
4. where stands a tower
5. communicating with cellphones
6. allow me to explain to you
7. much as I like to
8. that we got lost
9. Dating back to/ from Qin Dynasty
10. Weather permitting
11. Judging from his accent
12. wouldn’t have fallen ill
13. couldn’t have been fired
14. There being no buses
15. only to be told
句型结构的分析是完成句子的主要考点之一,而逗号的使用无疑又增加了分析的难度。
大家都知道,除了并列连词(and, but, or, not only ... but also等)可连接两个、两个以上的主句,一个句子当中只能有一个主句,我们称之为“一主句原则”。根据这一原则,逗号将一个复合句或长句切分为一个主句和其它意群的结构组合(如:主句+从句、从句+主句、主句+分词、分词+主句、主句+不定式等)。逗号作为完成句子的分隔符,为我们进行句型结构分析起到了标志性的提示作用。
1. 主句+逗号+从句
例1 (2010年高考湖北卷80题)_______(正如我们强调的那样)many times,“serve the people” is our first policy. (stress)
解析 逗号后面为句子主句,根据意境及结构可知填空部分应为非限制性的定语从句:As we have stressed/As has been stressed。
例2 (2009年高考湖北卷80题)Learning strategies, to _______(老师们认为) importance, have not yet drawn enough attention of students. (attach)
解析 根据结构可知这两个逗号将定语从句与主句分隔开来,此处应使用“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句:which (the) teachers attach/ have attached。
2. 从句+逗号+主句
例3 (2011年高考湖北卷75题)If_______(我没有喝)alcohol last night, I could have driven my car home. (drink)
解析 逗号后面是主句,前面是if引导的虚拟条件句,表示对过去的虚拟,故正确答案为:I hadn’t drunk。
例4 (2009年高考湖北卷75题)If times _______(变了), have our ways of thinking changed too? (change)
解析 逗号的后面是一个主句,前面是if引导的真实条件句,填空部分为从句的谓语动词,用现在完成时态:have changed。
3. 分词+逗号+主句
例5 (2011年高考湖北卷74题)_______(把钥匙握在手上),he looked for them everywhere. (hold)
解析 逗号后面是一个主句,前面填空部分虽有动作含义,但不可用主句形式,而要用非谓语动词即分词的独立主格结构。the keys与hold之间存在着逻辑上的被动关系,故正确答案为:The keys held in the/his hand。
例6 (2010年高考湖北卷72题)_______(油漆成)red,the building stands out among the rest and looks very attractive.(paint)
解析 逗号后面为主句,填空部分应为过去分词或现在分词的完成被动式做状语,表示被动、完成(状态)意义:Painted/Having been painted。
例7 (2009年高考湖北卷71题)_______(多亏了) her assistance, we succeeded in starting the engine. (owe)
解析 逗号后面为主句,前半句应为状语,故用现在分词:Owing to。
4. 介词短语+逗号+主句
例8 (2009年高考湖北卷73题)During his last lecture, the scientist _______(觉得) easier to explain the theory to those with some background knowledge. (find)
解析 逗号前面是介词短语,充当状语,故后面是主句,填空部分应为主句的谓语动词:found it/ found (that) it was。
5. 主句+逗号+with复合结构
例9 (2007年高考湖北卷31题)They sat together around the table, with _______ (门关着). (shut)
解析 逗号前面是主句,后面应是with复合结构,the door与shut之间存在着逻辑上的被动关系,故正确答案为:the door shut。
6. 主句一+逗号+and/but/or+主句二(或用not only ..., but also ...)
例10 (2010年高考湖北卷79题)It’s said that they have swum to the island from the continent,but they _______(不可能做到)because the ocean in between is too wide. (do)
解析 but连接两个并列的成份,逗号前、后都是主句,故填空部分为一个主句的谓语。根据语境最佳答案为:can’t/couldn’t have done it/so/that/this。
例11 (2007年高考湖北卷39题)Not only_______(要帮助)the disabled to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for those who need it. (give)
解析 not only ... but also连接两个并列成份,逗号前、后都是主句。填空部分为前一主句的谓语,但not only放在句首时句子实行部分倒装,故正确答案为:will help be given to。
7. It is/was+被强调部分+逗号+that其它部分
例12 (2008年高考湖北卷38题)It is your efforts, not your intelligence,______________(决定)your success. (determine)
解析 根据句式结构判断,这是一个强调句型:逗号前面是被强调的部分,后面应为“that+简单句的其它部分”,故正确答案为:that determine。
[【练习】]
1. _______(正如经常的情况那样), we have worked out the production plan. (case)
2. Those girls worked out every morning,_______(旨在减肥). (aim)
3. The old man passed away without any treatment,_______(留给儿子很多钱). (leave)
4. Our goal is to climb up the top of the mountain,_______(那儿屹立着一座塔). (stand)
5. With so many people_______(用手机交流)every day, this is becoming a big business. (communicate)
6. Henry,_______(容我向你解释一下)the reason for my being late for your birthday party. (allow)
7. Sorry I can’t spare the time to attend your party next weekend,_______(尽管我很想参加). (as)
8. I still remember the story, believe or not,_______(我们迷失了)on a rainy night. (lose)
9. _______(追溯到秦朝), the traditional crosstalk is still one of the main Chinese art forms to entertain people. (date)
10. _______(天气允许), we’ll go spring outing. (permit)
11. _______(从他的口音判断), he must be from Scotland. (judge)
12. Had little Tommy gone to see the doctor earlier, he_______(不会病倒)eventually. (fall)
13. Mrs Helen, the secretary of our firm,_______(不可能解雇了), for she told me she would come back to work just now. (fire)
14. _______(由于没有公汽), they decided to go to school on foot. (being)
15. The visiting professor got to the airport in a hurry,_______(结果被告知) the plane was delayed by the weather. (tell)
[【参考答案】]
1. As is often the case
2. aiming at losing weight
3. leaving his son a lot of money
4. where stands a tower
5. communicating with cellphones
6. allow me to explain to you
7. much as I like to
8. that we got lost
9. Dating back to/ from Qin Dynasty
10. Weather permitting
11. Judging from his accent
12. wouldn’t have fallen ill
13. couldn’t have been fired
14. There being no buses
15. only to be told