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法律拟制、推定和推论既相互关联又相互区别。推定作为法律规则既具有刚性的一面,又具有柔性的一面。从法官的经验和自由评断证据角度看,推定规则的确在一定条件和范围内构成对法官自由心证的一定限制和局部侵蚀,但仍为法官的自由心证预留了适度的空间。推定规则、推定制度是在更高层面上表现为司法证明过程中案件事实查明的客观性要求和法官主观能动性发挥这一对基本矛盾平衡、调合的产物。
Legal fiction, presumption and reasoning are interrelated and differentiated. Presumption as a legal rule has both a rigid side and a flexible side. From the perspective of judges’ experience and evidence of free judgment, the presumption rule does, to a certain extent and under certain conditions, constitute a certain restriction and partial erosion of the judge’s free testimony but still reserves a modest space for the judge’s free testimony. The presumption rule and the presumption system are the product of the objectivity of ascertaining the facts of the case in the course of judicial proving and the subjective initiative of judges on a higher level.