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非谓语动词是高中英语语法的重要内容，也是一个难点。非谓语动词的学习重点在于作状语，定语和补足语，突破方法在于分别把握好作这三种成分时非谓语动词与句子的主语、中心名词和宾语的逻辑关系。
[状语与主语的逻辑关系]
状语与主语的逻辑联系分为两种：当状语与主语是逻辑上的主动关系时，应考虑doing， having done， to do， to have done等形式；当两者的关系是逻辑上的被动关系时，应考虑done， to be done， to have been done， being done， having been done等形式。注意，不定式只能作目的状语、结果状语和原因状语，分词可以作“目的”以外的各种状语。
例1 You were silly not your car.
A. to look B. to have locked
C. looking D. having locked
解析 B。四个选项与主语均为主动关系，关键在于“系表结构﹢不定式”是一种固定结构，其中不定式作原因状语，而lock发生在were silly之前。
例2 When first ， these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced
C. introduce D. being introduced
解析 B。主语these products与状语introduced为被动关系，可排除A、C两项，D项being introduced表示“正在被介绍”，不合题意。
例3 The news reporters hurried to airport， only the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told
C. telling D. told
解析 B。主语reporters与tell之间是被动关系，只能在B、D选项中选择，only﹢to do/to be done作结果状语，表示“出乎预料的结果”，这是一种特殊用法。
例4 Having been attacked by terrorists， .
A. doctors came to their rescue
B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken
D. warning were given to tourists
解析 B。状语是having been attacked，表被动，且发生在谓语动作之前；四个选项的主语只有the tall building能与状语构成被动关系。
例5 Helen had to shout above the sound of the music.
A. making herself hear
B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard
D. to make herself heard
解析 D。状语to make与主语为主动关系，是目的状语；Making与主语虽然也是主动关系，但不能作目的状语；而且，宾补heard与宾语herself是被动关系。
例6 in the queue for half an hour， Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited
C. Having waited D. To have waited
解析 C。wait与主语是主动关系，wait动作发生在谓语realized动作之前，而且是时间状语；而不定式只能作目的、原因、结果等状语，所以A、D选项不合适。
例7 from heart trouble for years， professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.
A. Suffered B. Suffering
C. Having suffered D. Being suffered
解析 C。suffer与主语professor White是主动关系，只能从B、C选项中选，suffer的动作发生在has to take 动作之前，所以选C项，是原因状语。
1. 现在分词作定语：doing作定语时，与它所修饰的中心词是主动关系；being dong作定语时，表示“正在进行的被动动作”；having done， having been done不能作定语。
例8 The flowers sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelling
C. smelt D. to be smelt
解析 B。 smell为联系动词，与the flowers是主动关系，相当于that/which smell； C、D项均表示被动，A项表示将来主动，所以都不合适。
例9 Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV； there are pictures in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form
C. forming D. having formed
解析 C。 forming是现在分词，作pictures的定语，与之是主动关系，相当于which form。A项表示“将形成”，不合题意；D项为现在分词的完成式，只能作状语。
2. 及物动词的过去分词作定语：done （vt.） 作定语，与中心词是被动关系，表示“过去被动”。
例10 The repairs cost a lot， but it is money well .
A. to spend B. spent
C. being spent D. spending
解析 B。设定与主语money是“过去被动”关系。A、D项表示主动，C项表示“正在进行的被动动作”，均不合适。
例11 The disc， digitally in the studio， sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording
C. to be recorded D. having recorded
解析 A。从that night可以看出应该用recorded，表达的是“已经被录制”之意，B、D项表示主动，C项表示“将来被动”，均不合适。
例12 The Olympic Games， in 776 B.C， did not include women players until 1912.
A. first played B. to be first played
C. first playing D. to be first playing
解析 A。设定与Games是“过去被动”关系。C、D项表示主动，B项表示“将来被动”，均不合适。
如果在被动结构中，则是主语与补足语的关系。
例13 The flu is believed by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. to have caused B. to be caused
C. causing D. being caused
解析 B。cause与flu是被动关系，所以A项to have caused不合适；believe sb. to do是一种句型，所以C项causing和D项being caused也不合适。
例14 Don’t leave the water while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. runing
C. being run D. to run
解析 B。leave the water running表示“让水一直流”，water（宾语）与running（补语）是主动关系。C项being run表示“正在进行的被动”，D项to run不能表示“一直流”，所以均不合适。
例15 You’ve failed to do what you to and I’m afraid the teacher will blame you.
A. will expect B. will be expected
C. expected D. were expected
解析 D。句中you与expect存在被动关系，首先排除C。又有have failed提示应是过去你被期盼做的事，故应为过去时。
例16 Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers.
A. is B. are
C. has D. have
解析 C。根据动名词短语作主语，句中的谓语动词用单数形式，由此排除BD项。根据主语与caused的主动关系，排除A项，选C项。
例17 This coastal area a national wildlife reserve last year.
A. was named B. named
C. is named D. names
解析 A。根据主语This coastal area与name之间的被动关系排除B、D两项。根据句中的last year判断用一般过去时，故选A项。
例18 The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune .
A. is made B. would make
C. was to be made D. had made
解析 C。句意：（他们）在澳大利亚发现了金子，这使成千上万的人相信他们就要发财了。主句的谓语动词为一般过去时，因此believe后的宾语从句中谓语动词用过去将来时表示过去即将发生的动作，短语make a’fortune意为“赚大钱”。结合语意，此处应用被动语态，因此答案为C。
例19 In the spoken English of some areas in the US， the “r” sounds at the end of the words . A. are dropped B. drop
C. are being dropped D. have dropped
解析 A。句意：在美国一些地区的口语中，单词结尾“r”这个音节不被发音了。由句意可知sounds和drop之间的被动关系，故需用被动语态，排除BD项，C项为现在进行时的被动语态，表示“正在被……”，不符合语境，故选A项。
[练习]
1. The new suspension bridge _____ by the end of last month.
A. has been designed B. had been designed
C. was designed D. would be designed
2. The coffee is wonderful！ It does not taste like anything I ____ before.
A. was having B. have
C. have ever had D. had ever had
3. —What would you do if it _____ tomorrow？
—We have to carry it on， since we have got everything ready.
A. rain B. rains
C. will rain D. is raining
4. Let us keep to the point or we _____ any decisions.
A. will never reach B .have never reached
C. never reach D. never reached
5. The last time I ______ Jane， she _____ cotton in the fields.
A. had been； was picking B. saw； picked
C. had been； picked D. saw； was picking
6. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _____ from the university next year.
A. will graduate B. will have graduated
C. graduates D. is to graduate
7. —Do you know our town？
— No. This is the first time I ______ here.
A. was B. have been
C. came D. am coming
8. —What’s wrong with your coat？
—Just now when I wanted to get off the bus， the man next to me _____ on it.
A. sat B. had sat
C. had been sitting D. was sitting
[参考答案]
1～5 BCBAD 6～8 CBD
[状语与主语的逻辑关系]
状语与主语的逻辑联系分为两种：当状语与主语是逻辑上的主动关系时，应考虑doing， having done， to do， to have done等形式；当两者的关系是逻辑上的被动关系时，应考虑done， to be done， to have been done， being done， having been done等形式。注意，不定式只能作目的状语、结果状语和原因状语，分词可以作“目的”以外的各种状语。
例1 You were silly not your car.
A. to look B. to have locked
C. looking D. having locked
解析 B。四个选项与主语均为主动关系，关键在于“系表结构﹢不定式”是一种固定结构，其中不定式作原因状语，而lock发生在were silly之前。
例2 When first ， these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced
C. introduce D. being introduced
解析 B。主语these products与状语introduced为被动关系，可排除A、C两项，D项being introduced表示“正在被介绍”，不合题意。
例3 The news reporters hurried to airport， only the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told
C. telling D. told
解析 B。主语reporters与tell之间是被动关系，只能在B、D选项中选择，only﹢to do/to be done作结果状语，表示“出乎预料的结果”，这是一种特殊用法。
例4 Having been attacked by terrorists， .
A. doctors came to their rescue
B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken
D. warning were given to tourists
解析 B。状语是having been attacked，表被动，且发生在谓语动作之前；四个选项的主语只有the tall building能与状语构成被动关系。
例5 Helen had to shout above the sound of the music.
A. making herself hear
B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard
D. to make herself heard
解析 D。状语to make与主语为主动关系，是目的状语；Making与主语虽然也是主动关系，但不能作目的状语；而且，宾补heard与宾语herself是被动关系。
例6 in the queue for half an hour， Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited
C. Having waited D. To have waited
解析 C。wait与主语是主动关系，wait动作发生在谓语realized动作之前，而且是时间状语；而不定式只能作目的、原因、结果等状语，所以A、D选项不合适。
例7 from heart trouble for years， professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.
A. Suffered B. Suffering
C. Having suffered D. Being suffered
解析 C。suffer与主语professor White是主动关系，只能从B、C选项中选，suffer的动作发生在has to take 动作之前，所以选C项，是原因状语。
1. 现在分词作定语：doing作定语时，与它所修饰的中心词是主动关系；being dong作定语时，表示“正在进行的被动动作”；having done， having been done不能作定语。
例8 The flowers sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelling
C. smelt D. to be smelt
解析 B。 smell为联系动词，与the flowers是主动关系，相当于that/which smell； C、D项均表示被动，A项表示将来主动，所以都不合适。
例9 Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV； there are pictures in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form
C. forming D. having formed
解析 C。 forming是现在分词，作pictures的定语，与之是主动关系，相当于which form。A项表示“将形成”，不合题意；D项为现在分词的完成式，只能作状语。
2. 及物动词的过去分词作定语：done （vt.） 作定语，与中心词是被动关系，表示“过去被动”。
例10 The repairs cost a lot， but it is money well .
A. to spend B. spent
C. being spent D. spending
解析 B。设定与主语money是“过去被动”关系。A、D项表示主动，C项表示“正在进行的被动动作”，均不合适。
例11 The disc， digitally in the studio， sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording
C. to be recorded D. having recorded
解析 A。从that night可以看出应该用recorded，表达的是“已经被录制”之意，B、D项表示主动，C项表示“将来被动”，均不合适。
例12 The Olympic Games， in 776 B.C， did not include women players until 1912.
A. first played B. to be first played
C. first playing D. to be first playing
解析 A。设定与Games是“过去被动”关系。C、D项表示主动，B项表示“将来被动”，均不合适。
如果在被动结构中，则是主语与补足语的关系。
例13 The flu is believed by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. to have caused B. to be caused
C. causing D. being caused
解析 B。cause与flu是被动关系，所以A项to have caused不合适；believe sb. to do是一种句型，所以C项causing和D项being caused也不合适。
例14 Don’t leave the water while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. runing
C. being run D. to run
解析 B。leave the water running表示“让水一直流”，water（宾语）与running（补语）是主动关系。C项being run表示“正在进行的被动”，D项to run不能表示“一直流”，所以均不合适。
例15 You’ve failed to do what you to and I’m afraid the teacher will blame you.
A. will expect B. will be expected
C. expected D. were expected
解析 D。句中you与expect存在被动关系，首先排除C。又有have failed提示应是过去你被期盼做的事，故应为过去时。
例16 Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers.
A. is B. are
C. has D. have
解析 C。根据动名词短语作主语，句中的谓语动词用单数形式，由此排除BD项。根据主语与caused的主动关系，排除A项，选C项。
例17 This coastal area a national wildlife reserve last year.
A. was named B. named
C. is named D. names
解析 A。根据主语This coastal area与name之间的被动关系排除B、D两项。根据句中的last year判断用一般过去时，故选A项。
例18 The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune .
A. is made B. would make
C. was to be made D. had made
解析 C。句意：（他们）在澳大利亚发现了金子，这使成千上万的人相信他们就要发财了。主句的谓语动词为一般过去时，因此believe后的宾语从句中谓语动词用过去将来时表示过去即将发生的动作，短语make a’fortune意为“赚大钱”。结合语意，此处应用被动语态，因此答案为C。
例19 In the spoken English of some areas in the US， the “r” sounds at the end of the words . A. are dropped B. drop
C. are being dropped D. have dropped
解析 A。句意：在美国一些地区的口语中，单词结尾“r”这个音节不被发音了。由句意可知sounds和drop之间的被动关系，故需用被动语态，排除BD项，C项为现在进行时的被动语态，表示“正在被……”，不符合语境，故选A项。
[练习]
1. The new suspension bridge _____ by the end of last month.
A. has been designed B. had been designed
C. was designed D. would be designed
2. The coffee is wonderful！ It does not taste like anything I ____ before.
A. was having B. have
C. have ever had D. had ever had
3. —What would you do if it _____ tomorrow？
—We have to carry it on， since we have got everything ready.
A. rain B. rains
C. will rain D. is raining
4. Let us keep to the point or we _____ any decisions.
A. will never reach B .have never reached
C. never reach D. never reached
5. The last time I ______ Jane， she _____ cotton in the fields.
A. had been； was picking B. saw； picked
C. had been； picked D. saw； was picking
6. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _____ from the university next year.
A. will graduate B. will have graduated
C. graduates D. is to graduate
7. —Do you know our town？
— No. This is the first time I ______ here.
A. was B. have been
C. came D. am coming
8. —What’s wrong with your coat？
—Just now when I wanted to get off the bus， the man next to me _____ on it.
A. sat B. had sat
C. had been sitting D. was sitting
[参考答案]
1～5 BCBAD 6～8 CBD