借助于坚船利炮,西方列强在清朝晚期强行敲开了中国的大门,传教士也由此获得了在中国合法传教的权利。基督教此后在华迅猛发展,与中国固有的儒教伦理产生了越来越严重的冲突。深感于洋教带来的危机,各地士绅官吏奋起抗争。其中,湖南道员周汉以“崇正黜邪、杀身报国”为旗帜,煽动暴力仇杀,试图发动底层民众武力驱逐洋教、重振儒教。这一举动引发了多次外交纠葛, With the help of gunboats, the Western powers forcibly opened the door to China during the late Qing Dynasty, and the missionaries gained the right to preach in China. Since then, the rapid development of Christianity in China has created an increasingly serious conflict with the Confucian ethic inherent in China. Deeply affected by the crisis brought by foreign religions, local officials in various places rose to protest. Among them, Hunan propagandist Zhou Han used the banner of “worshiping innocent people and killing oneself as the sole evil” to incite violence and revenge and tried to mobilize the people at the bottom to expel the foreign religions and revive Confucianism. This move triggered many diplomatic disputes,