In vivo static and dynamic angiography of thrombosis by using multi-functional lanthanide nanoprobes

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The cardiovascular system composed by the heart and the blood vessels is responsible for continuously transporting nutrients and oxygen to major organs [1].The thrombosis in the arteries and veins could impede the blood flow to the heart and brain and cause the serious cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [2].Arte-rial thrombosis derived from thromboembolism or the complica-tion of atherosclerosis can lead to myocardial infraction and ischemic stroke,while venous thromboembolism can trigger the increasing systolic pressure of pulmonary artery and the right ven-tricular failure [3].Therefore,it is of great importance to assess the vascular patency and hemodynamics for precise diagnosis and therapy of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
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