Background Understanding the characteristics of Chinese dialysis patients and the current practice trends is the first step to evaluate the association between practice patt and outcome in these populations.In the present study,we evaluated the status of medical treatment and characteristic features of chronic dialysis patients in China.Methods Through a clustering sampling,we selected 9 centers from the largest dialysis facilities in 6 cities around China.All adult undergoing dialysis in the selected units were screened.A total of 2388 (1775 on hemodialysis (HD) and 613 on peritoneal dialysis (PD)) patients were finally enrolled.All data were collected at enrollment on the bases of review of medical records.Results In this cohort,1313 (55.0％) were male.The mean age was 54 years old.The median time for dialysis was 26 months (12-51 months).Seventy-five percent of patients were on HD and 25.0％ on PD.Among PD patients,about 21％patients did not receive dialysis adequacy.For HD patients,about 14.0％ of them did not achieve dialysis adequacy when the target of kt/V was set as 1.2.Only 44.7％ of patients achieved blood pressure target of 140/90 mmHg.About 60％ of patients did not reach the hemoglobin target of 110 g/L even though 85.0％ of them were treated with erythropoietin.In addition,48.5％ of the patients had uncontrolled mineral metabolism revealed by the high calcium-phosphate product.Compared with HD patients,higher level of serum glucose,triglyceride,and total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were more common in PD patients.Conclusions This observational study suggests that many Chinese dialysis patients did not achieve the therapeutic target,particularly in blood pressure control,anemia correction,and mineral balance.PD patients were more likely to suffer metabolic disturbance.