高管限薪寻求制度突破

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  针对美国国际集团(AIG)在接受政府1730亿美元救助资金之后,依然向高管支付1.65亿美元巨额奖金的举动,美国上下口诛笔伐,一致声讨,众议院快速高票通过了“惩罚税”法案。(就在本文完成时,又传来消息,康涅狄格州总检察长3月21日表示,根据AIG集团所提交的材料,这家深陷困境的保险巨头的分红总规模高达2.18亿美元,远超此前所披露的1.65亿美元。)根据这项法案,凡是已经接受了50亿美元以上政府援助资金的公司,其包含奖金在内的收入高于25万美元的员工将需支付高达90%的个人所得税。
  此举无疑给备受国企高管薪酬困扰的中国带来强烈冲击。
  此前,尽管中国财政部办公厅已向各家金融类国企派发了《金融类国有及国有控股企业负责人薪酬管理办法(征求意见稿)》,规定高管年薪上限为280万元 (税前)。但民调显示,有93%的网民认为当前金融国企高管薪酬偏高,对金融国企高管年薪280万元封顶的“限薪令”,仍有84.4%的网民认为偏高。
  这样的结果如若出乎政府主管部门的意料,对普通民众而言却完全是理所当然的。实际上,收入分配差距拉大一直是民意不满、呼声最高的问题之一。改革开放以来,中国国民的收入有了大幅度的提高,可与国企高管不时爆出的天价年薪相比,简直不值一提,也因此使得高管限薪成了敏感话题。
  在探讨高管限薪时,人们说得最多的,是企业高管薪酬必须与业绩挂钩。这本来不应该是个问题。做得好多拿,做不好少拿,此类绩效考核制度,几乎在所有企业管理条例中都写得明明白白。可在“内部人控制”实际状况未变的局面下,考核常常形同虚设,企业高管自我定薪却成为潜规则。近日报道披露,尽管2008年经营业绩大滑坡,国内著名大券商国泰君安证券不但未减薪,反大幅提高薪酬及福利费用至32亿元,员工年人均收入高达百万元。事实上,企业经营无方靠国家补贴度日而高薪照拿的现象比比皆是。如果连这种“穷庙富方丈”的现实都无法消除,所谓业绩考核岂非空话,又如何据此限制高管薪酬。
  企业高管薪酬畸高不下,从根本上说,是由公司法人治理结构扭曲造成的。名义上,经过多年的改革,现有国企开始建立和完善现代企业制度,可公司高管的任免基本仍沿袭政府主管部门决定的旧制。许多大型国企领导既是企业法人代表,又享受行政高官待遇,他们往往游走在两种角色之间,在政府部门时坐拥决策大权,一旦被任命为企业高管,则坐享数百万乃至更高的年薪。正是国有和国有控股企业的这种高度行政化倾向没从实质上得以改变,导致所谓绩效考核、人才激励、制度约束、第三方监管等等常常流于形式,高管高薪成为愈演愈烈的“老大难”。
  新近发生的现成例子是,当原中国足协副主席谢亚龙在岗位上混不下去时,忽然被调任为上市公司中体产业董事长,年薪随之从40万急升至158万元,而在此之前已有多名足协高官被送往该公司淘金。对此,一位知名球评人写道:“网民们应该帮我一个小忙,算算在谢主席任期内输过多少场国际A级比赛,平均每输一场球兑换成多少万年薪,如果靠输球都能年薪158万,连我都怀疑原来谢亚龙是为了这份年薪才故意做出那些弱智决定的。”
  一个饱受球迷诟病、屡被呼吁下课的政府高官,可以摇身一变成为国企高管心安理得领取巨额薪酬,这种体制不改,谈何高管限薪?限了又有何用?别以为这是个别案例,在许多地方,特别是垄断行业,从政府高官随时变身企业高管的事可谓司空见惯。当一位党政领导干部由于种种原因在此地难以为继,总有别处企业高管职务虚位以待,只有彻底改变这种亦官亦商的陈旧用人制度和陈腐利益输送,真正形成市场化的职业经理人制度,限薪令才能在企业摆脱行政束缚的市场化运作机制下发挥作用,其他各种规范工资的法律法规也才能落到实处。
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