本文以批判学派和爱因斯坦为例,从五个方面比较全面地论述了哲人科学家的认识论和方法论特色。这些特色是纯粹哲学家和一般科学家难以拥有或企及的。唯有既具科学创造的实践经历和深刻感受、又具敏锐的哲学头脑和深邃的哲学洞察的哲人科学家,才能在科学和哲学上做出无愧于时代的双重伟大贡献。 This article takes the critical school and Einstein as an example, and discusses the philosopher-scientist epistemology and methodology from five aspects. These features are difficult for pure philosophers and scientists to own or match. Only a philosopher-scientist who has both practical experience and profound feelings of scientific creation, and has a keen philosophical mind and deep philosophical insight can make the double great contribution worthy of the times in science and philosophy.