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The damping material optimal placement for the structure with damping layer is studied based on evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) to maximize modal loss factors. A mathematical model is constructed with the objective function defined as the maximum of modal loss factors of the structure and design constraints function defined as volume fraction ofdamping material. The optimal placement is found. Several examples are presented for verification. The results demonstratethat the method based on ESO is effective in solving the topology optimization of the structure with uncon-strained damping layer and constrained damping layer. This optimization method suits for free and constrained damping structures.