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Objective: To investigate the early changes and clinical significance of plasma endothelin (ET), nitric oxide (NO) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in patients with acute moderate or severe cerebral injury. Methods: The early (at 24 hours after injury) plasma concentrations of ET, NO and AVP were measured with radioimmunoassay and Green technique in 48 cases of acute moderate (GCS≤8 in 27cases ) or severe (GCS>8 in 21 cases) cerebral injury (Group A), in 42 cases of non-cerebral injury (Group B) and in 38 normal individuals (Group C), respectively. Results: The early plasma concentrations of ET (109.73 ng/L±12.61 ng/L), NO (92.82 μmol/L±18.21 μmol/L) and AVP (49.78 ng/L±14.29 ng/L) in Group A were higher than those in Group B (67.90 ng/L±11.33 ng/L, 52.66 μmol/L±12.82 μmol/L and 29.93 ng/L±12.11 ng/L, respectively, P<0.01) and Group C (50.65 ng/L±17.12 ng/L, 36.12 μmol/L±12.16 μmol/L and 5.18 ng/L±4.18 ng/L, respectively, P<0.001). The amounts of ET, NO and AVP in patients with severe cerebral injury were 116.18 ng/L±18.12 ng/L, 108.19 μmol/L±13.28 μmol/L and 58.13 ng/L±16.78 ng/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of the patients with moderate cerebral injury (92.33 ng/L±16.32 ng/L, 76.38 μmol/L±12.71 μmol/L and 36.18 ng/L±12.13 ng/L respectively, P<0.01). The early levels of ET, NO and AVP in Group A were negatively related to the GCS scales. The amounts of ET, NO and AVP were 126.23 ng/L±15.23 ng/L, 118.18 μmol/L±10.12 μmol/L and 63.49 ng/L±14.36 ng/L respectively in patients with subdural hematoma, which were significantly higher than those in patients with epidural hematoma (81.13 ng/L±12.37 ng/L, 68.02 μmol/L±13.18 μmol/L and 45.63 ng/L±12.41 ng/L respectively, P<0.01). The plasma concentrations of ET, NO and AVP in stable duration (at 336 hours after injury) in Group A and Group B were similar to those in Group C.Conclusions: ET, NO and AVP were related to the pathophysiological process that occurs in the early stage of acute cerebral injury and the values of ET, NO and AVP correlate positively with the clinical manifestations. The changes of plasma ET, NO and AVP can be regarded as important indices to assess the severity of acute cerebral injury.