概括地讲,系统意指由要素以及要素之间的关系所构成的整体。通说认为,社会科学领域的系统理论得益于自然科学在20世纪30年代的发展。在这其中,生物学方面的相关研究被视为先驱,其对传统物理学、化学以个别物理过程、化学反应对生命过程进行线性描述的做法展开了批判。该种批判性研究使人们认识到,对于一个系统来讲,重要的并非组成系统的 In a nutshell, the system means the whole consisting of the elements and the relationships between the elements. It is said that the systematic theory in the field of social science benefits from the development of natural science in the 1930s. Among these, biological related research is regarded as a pioneer, which criticizes traditional physics and chemistry for the linear description of life processes through individual physical processes and chemical reactions. Such critical research has led to the recognition that what is important for a system is not systemically