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Background:On diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection,a person may have been infected already for many years.This study aimed to estimate the duration of HIV infection at the time of diagnosis.Methods:Newly diagnosed HIV cases in Dehong,China,from 2008 to 2015 were studied.Duration of infection at the time of diagnosis was calculated using the first CD4 cell count result after diagnosis and a CD4 depletion model of disease progression.Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the associated risk factors.Results:A total of 5867 new HIV cases were enrolled.Overall,mean duration of infection was 6.3 years (95％ confidence interval [CI]:6.2,6.5).After adjusting for confounding,significantly shorter durations of infection were observed among participants who were female (beta:-0.37,95％ CI:-0.64,-0.09),Dai ethnicity (beta:-0.28,95％ CI:-0.57,0.01),and infected through injecting drug use (beta:-1.82,95％ CI:-2.25,-1.39).Compared to the hospital setting,durations were shorter for those diagnosed in any other settings,and compared to 2008,durations were shorter for those diagnosed all years after 2010.Conclusion:Although the reduction in duration of infection at the time of diagnosis observed in Dehong was significant,it may not have had a meaningful impact.