元认知是个体对自己认知的认知,是对自己认知活动的自我意识、自我评价、自我调节和监控。它包括三个方面:一是元认知知识,即关于个体认知活动及影响这种认知活动的各种因素的知识,有个体认知特点的知识及与他人认知特点的差异,还有认知策略方面的知识和认知任务方面的知识。二是元认知体验,即伴随着认知话动而产生的认知体验和情感体验。三是元认知监控,即个体在认知活动过程中,能不断评价学习过程,并能适时地调整计划,选用恰当的方法,以保证学习任务的有效完成。这三个方面互相联系、影响和制约,其核心是元认知监控。元认知不是人天生就有的,而是在长期的学习活动中逐步发展起来的。它在学习领域中包括如下几种能力:会确立学习目标和制定学习计划;善于选择能达到目标的最恰当的学习策 Metacognition is the individual’s cognition of his own cognition, self-awareness, self-evaluation, self-regulation and monitoring of his cognitive activity. It includes three aspects: First, metacognitive knowledge, that is, on the individual’s cognitive activity and the factors that affect this cognitive activity knowledge, knowledge of individual cognitive characteristics and the cognitive characteristics of others and also Knowledge of cognitive strategies and cognitive tasks. Second, metacognitive experience, that is, cognitive cognition and emotional experience that accompanies cognitive discourse. Third, metacognitive monitoring, that is, individuals in the cognitive process, can continue to evaluate the learning process, and timely adjustment of the plan, select the appropriate method to ensure the effective completion of learning tasks. These three aspects are interrelated, influential and restrictive, the core of which is metacognitive monitoring. Metacognition is not inherent in human beings, but gradually developed in long-term learning activities. It includes several areas of competence in learning: establishing learning goals and learning plans; being good at selecting the most appropriate learning strategy to achieve your goals