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产业政策是一个民族主权国家的基本国策。世界工业强国在其发展过程中几乎都无一例外地实行着某种有意识的或习惯性的产业政策。以英国、德国和美国为例,对它们的工业化历史和经验进行梳理,可以发现它们的产业政策各有特点:第一个工业化国家英国,为产业的发展提供了一个完善的、法治化的市场体系,使“人人可以发财”具有了理论上的可能;迄今最强大的工业化国家美国,政府在全球广揽人才,鼓励创新,通过金融方式控制全球,始终使科技竞争力处于世界一流水平;具有强大工业能力的德国,其社会市场经济发展模式把生产竞争力作为立国之本,强调精益制造能力和工匠精神。把握最先进的工业制造能力,占据技术创新的制高点,始终是这些工业强国一贯的国策。我们对此必须有清醒的认识。中国是一个超大型的经济体,各地区发展不平衡,因此,高中低三类行业均应合理发展,不能盲目地一起追求高端,应尽可能实行制造业的国内梯度转移;在国内消费提档升级阶段,应尽快实施高端产品的进口替代战略;优先发展国内的现代交通实业;把支持实业发展作为金融业最主要的责任;效仿对外资的负面清单政策制定民营企业的负面清单政策等。
Industrial policy is the basic national policy of a nation-state. In the course of their development, the world’s industrial powers practiced almost certain conscious or customary industrial policies. Taking Britain, Germany and the United States as examples, a review of their industrialization history and experience shows that their industrial policies have their own characteristics. The first industrialized country, Britain, provided a sound and rule of law market for industrial development System, making it possible for everyone to make a fortune. With the most powerful industrialized countries in the world so far, the United States has widely recruited talent from all over the world, encouraged innovation, controlled the world through financial means, and kept the competitiveness of science and technology in the world First-class level; with strong industrial capabilities in Germany, the social market economy development model of production competitiveness as the foundation of the country, emphasizing the lean manufacturing capabilities and craftsmanship. To grasp the most advanced industrial manufacturing capabilities and occupy the commanding height of technological innovation has always been the consistent national policy of these industrial powers. We must have a clear understanding of this. As China is an extremely large economy with unbalanced development in all regions, the three industries of high, medium and low-level industries should develop soundly and can not pursue the high-end blindly. The domestic gradient transfer of manufacturing industry should be implemented as far as possible. In the upgrade phase, the import substitution strategy for high-end products should be implemented as soon as possible. Priority should be given to developing the modern transportation industry in China. Supporting the development of industries as the most important responsibility in the financial industry. Following the negative list policies for foreign capital and formulating the negative list policies for private enterprises.