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The toxicity and effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has always been a hot topic. While medicinal herbs that contain aristolochic acids (AAs) have been used for thousands of years, the safety of AAs was questioned by researchers from Belgium in the early 1990s. In 2002, the WHO and FDA divided AAs into potential carcinogen categories, and this review (Zi-Qi Jin et al.) summarizes the nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity of AAs and their derivatives.