The dorsal scapular nerve and long thoracic nerve of 10 cadavers (20 sides) and 36 patients with dorsal scapular nerve compression were studied anatomically. The origin of the dorsal scapular nerve of a section frequently shared a common trunk with the long thoracic nerve, and went through the sealenus medius anterointernally and posterolaterally with the presence of some tendinous tissues. Leaving the long thoracic nerve, it might give branches to the shoulder and the subaxillary region and finally have the branches join the long thoracic nerve again. The compression of the section near the origin caused discomfort and sourness of the neck, shoulder and back region. Clinically, the severance of the scalenus anterior and medius ameliorated or relieved the compression of the dorsal scapular nerve. Complete decompression required cutting of the scalenus medius and its tendinous tissue superficial to the dorsal scapular nerve. Among 24 sides of 22 patients undergoing surgery, the symptoms of 20 sides of 19 The dorsal scapular nerve and long thoracic nerve of 10 cadavers (20 sides) and 36 patients with dorsal scapular nerve compression were studied anatomically. The origin of the dorsal scapular nerve of a section frequently shared a common trunk with the long thoracic nerve, and went through the sealenus medius anterointernally and posterolaterally with the presence of some tendinous tissues. Leaving the long thoracic nerve, it might give branches to the shoulder and the subaxillary region and finally have the branches join the long thoracic nerve again. The compression of the section near the origin caused discomfort and sourness of the neck, shoulder and back region. Clinically, the severance of the scalenus anterior and medius ameliorated or relieved the compression of the dorsal scapular nerve. Complete decompression required cutting of the scalenus medius and its tendinous tissue superficial to the dorsal scapular nerve. Among 24 sides of 22 patients undergoing surgery, the symptoms of 20 sides of 19