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杰克·古迪(Jack Goody)和斯坦利·坦比亚(Stanley Tambiah)的名著《聘礼与嫁妆》,其框架有助于提出分析婚姻及相关社会经济过程的新的基本理论概念。文章从财富(wealth)和消费品的一系列分析性概念出发,从支付、礼物、遗赠和遗产可辨差异的跨文化理解出发,对该书提出了建设性的批判。我们知道,支付是将权利转换成资源的一种方式,礼物是稳固和加强同盟关系的一种方式,而遗产是界定财富持有群体、确立人口力量的工具。这些变量并不重叠,它们的特性具有跨文化的效力。如果将与婚姻相关的资源转让放在这些不同的范畴当中,人们就可以做出某些分析性的概括。因此,对于跨文化分析而言,为了避免在共同对话层面出现混淆,清晰描述社会过程的这些维度就很重要。除讨论聘礼与嫁妆的特性以外,我们还指出古迪对这些转让的描述并未促进我们的理解。比如,我们发现,无论如何都不应该将婚姻存续期间的遗产继承归类为嫁妆、礼物抑或支付。另外,他的“间接嫁妆”概念会在民族志上产生误解。因为这个概念既结合了来自一方的礼物和来自另一方的支付,又结合了来自一方的资产(wealth-assets)和来自另一方的消费品。
Jack Downey’s and Stanley Tambiah’s Theories of Dowry and Dowry, whose framework helps to propose new basic theoretical concepts for analyzing marriage and related socio-economic processes. Starting with a series of analytical concepts of wealth and consumer goods, the article proposes a constructive critique of the book from the cross-cultural understanding of discernible differences in payment, gifts, bequests and inheritance. We know that payment is a way of converting rights into resources. Gifts are a way to stabilize and strengthen alliances, and heritage is a tool that defines the group of wealth holders and establishes the power of the population. These variables do not overlap and their characteristics are cross-cultural. If the marriage-related transfer of resources is placed in these different areas, one can make some analytical summaries. Therefore, for cross-cultural analysis, in order to avoid confusion at the common dialogue level, it is important to clearly describe these dimensions of social processes. In addition to discussing the characteristics of dowry and dowry, we also point out that Goody’s description of these assignments does not promote our understanding. For example, we found that, in any event, inheritance during the marriage should not be classified as dowry, gift, or payment. In addition, his concept of “indirect dowry” can create misunderstandings in ethnography. Because this concept combines both gifts from one party and payments from the other, as well as wealth-assets from one party and consumer goods from the other.