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旅游交通是旅游产业内部消耗能源与排放温室气体最多的部门,而乘飞机旅行造成的能耗与排放又是旅游交通中最大的,全球平均在60%–70%以上。离岸岛屿旅游目的地的特征是服务业比重大,进出岛屿的主要交通工具为飞机。因此,离岸岛屿目的地旅游交通能耗与排放的测算能更加清晰地反映旅游交通、乘飞机旅行造成的环境影响。国内现有的旅游业能耗与排放的测算几乎都使用的是国外5年甚至10年前的经验参数。本文采用自下而上法,最大限度地使用符合我国实际的各种交通方式能耗及排放强度的关键参数,并通过大量的实地调研,细化旅游交通组织,较为准确地测算了我国第二大岛海南岛首府海口市2011年旅游交通的能源消耗与二氧化碳排放量。结果表明,2011年海口市旅游交通能耗为27.40 PJ,占当年全市总能耗的22.10%;旅游交通二氧化碳排放总量为2.06 Mt。对于离岸岛屿旅游目的地而言,无烟产业的定论被打破,旅游业正在或已经成为海口市重点用能产业。离岸岛屿目的地旅游业为应对气候变化和节能减排,应设法延长游客的停留天数、减少进出往返的飞行次数;并在充分研究论证的基础上,适时考虑开征设立航空排放税、旅游环境税或生态补偿基金等。鉴于包括旅游交通在内的旅游能耗统计基础薄弱,建议组建专业化的旅游能源统计机构,切实加强旅游能耗统计管理。
Tourism Transportation is the sector that consumes the most energy and emits the most greenhouse gases in the tourism industry. However, the energy consumption and emissions caused by air travel are the largest in the tourism traffic, with an average of above 60-70% in the world. Offshore island travel destinations are characterized by a large proportion of the service sector and the main means of transport to and from the island are airplanes. Therefore, the calculation of energy consumption and emissions of tourism traffic in the destination of offshore islands can more clearly reflect the environmental impact of tourism traffic and air travel. Almost all of the existing domestic estimates of energy consumption and emissions from tourism use the empirical parameters of 5 years or even 10 years ago. This article uses the bottom-up approach to maximize the use of the key parameters of energy consumption and emission intensity in line with China’s actual mode of transport, and through a large number of field research, refine the tourism traffic organization, more accurately measured the second Big Island, the capital city of Hainan Island, Haikou City, 2011, energy consumption and tourism emissions of carbon dioxide emissions. The results show that the energy consumption of tourism traffic in Haikou in 2011 was 27.40 PJ, accounting for 22.10% of the total energy consumption of the city in that year; and the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions from tourism traffic was 2.06 Mt. For the offshore island tourist destination, the conclusion of the smoke-free industry is broken, the tourism industry is or has become a key energy-consuming industries in Haikou City. In order to cope with climate change and energy conservation and emission reduction, the tourism industry of offshore islands should seek to prolong the stay of tourists and reduce the number of flights to and from the destinations. On the basis of sufficient research and feasibility studies, timely consideration should be given to establishing an aviation emission tax and a tourism environment Tax or ecological compensation fund. In view of the weak statistical basis of tourism energy consumption including tourism and transportation, it is suggested to set up a specialized statistical agency for tourism energy resources to effectively strengthen statistical management of tourism energy consumption.